GIFT  OF 
A.    P.    Morrison 


Vf . 


THE  SONG  0 
WATHA^BY 
LONGFELLOW 


NEW  YORK,  THOMAS  Y 
CROWELL  &  COMPANY 
PUBLISHERS  jt  at  Jt 


THE 


SONG   OF    HIAWATHA 


BY      ^ 

HENRY  WADSWORTH  LONGFELLOW 


WITH  INTRODUCTION 

BY 

NATHAN  HASKELL  DOLE 


NEW   YORK 

THOMAS   Y.   CROWELL  &  CO. 
PUBLISHERS 


GIFT  OF 


COPYRIGHT,  iSg's'  AND.  1^99, 
Bv  THOMAS  Y.  ,CKO\VEI^  &•  CO. 


i 


INTRODUCTION. 

(TO    HIAWATHA.) 


The  Finns,  or  Suomi,  who  were  perhaps  the  ear 
liest  immigrants  into  Europe  from  their  aboriginal 
home  in  Asia,  possess  an  epic,  the  Kalevala,  con 
sisting,  in  the  edition  published  by  Dr.  Lonnrot  in 
1842,  of  about  twenty-three  thousand  lines.  Dr. 
Max  Miiller  declares  that  it  "will  claim  its  place  as 
the  fifth  national  epic  of  the  world,  side  by  side 
with  the  Ionian  Songs,  with  the  Mahabharata,  the 
Shah'  nameh  and  the  Nibelungen"  Grimm  places 
Dr.  Lonnrot,  as  its  collector,  with  Homer,  Vergil, 
the  singer  of  the  Nibelungenlied,  and  Camoes.  It 
is  comparable  with  the  national  verse  of  Spain,  and 
it  is  interesting  to  remember  that  the  Basques,  the 
earliest  inhabitants  of  Spain,  are  kin  to  the  Finns. 

The  Kalevala,  so  called  from  the  national  name 
of  Finland,  meaning  "Land  of  Heroes,"  is  com 
posed  throughout  in  eight-syllable  trochaic  *  verses, 
varied  by  repetitions,  by  musical  alliterations,  and 
often  by  a  succession  of  rimes. 

1  Trochaic  dimeter  catalectic. 


M103148 


IV  INTRODUCTION. 

Longfellow  knew  the  German  translation,  and  had 
laughed  with  Ferdinand  Freiligrath  "over  the  pages 
of  the  Finnische  Runen  "  a  dozen  years  before  he 
noted  in  his  diary,  under  date  of  June  5,  1854,  that 
he  was  reading  with  great  delight  the  Finnish  epic 
Kalevala,  and  added:  "It  is  charming."  It  evi 
dently  suggested  not  only  the  measure,  but  also  the 
plan,  of  a  poem  that  should  weave  together  into 
a  whole  the  beautiful  legends  and  traditions  of  the 
American  Indians.  At  first  he  proposed  to  call  it 
Manabozho ;  but  before  the  month  was  fairly  over 
he  had  decided  to  call  it  Hiawatha,  which,  he  says, 
was  another  name  for  the  same  personage.1  Though 
he  obtained  many  suggestions  as  to  personages  and 
incidents  from  the  three  "  ill-digested  "  quartos  of 
Schoolcraft,  and  also  read  Tanner,  Heckewelder, 
and  other  authorities,  he  confided  to  his  diary  that 
it  was  "  purely  in  the  realm  of  fancy."  The  hero 
he  called  "  a  kind  of  American  Prometheus." 

The  last  canto  was  finished  on  March  21,  1855,  at 
noon ;  and  the  first  edition  of  five  thousand  copies, 
of  which  four  thousand  were  sold  in  advance,  was 
issued  on  Nov.  10.  By  the  first  of  January  it  was 
selling  at  the  rate  of  three  hundred  copies  a  day, 
and  in  a  year  and  a  quarter  upwards  of  fifty  thou 
sand  copies  had  been  distributed.  Its  success  in 
England  was  not  less  remarkable.  Longfellow's 
friends  were  enthusiastic  in  its  praise.  Emerson 

1  See  Appendix. 


INTRODUCTION.  V 

found  it  "  very  wholesome,  sweet  and  wholesome  as 
maize,  very  proper  and  pertinent  for  us  to  read,  and 
showing  a  kind  of  manly  sense  of  duty  in  the  poet 
to  write."  Bayard  Taylor  wrote  :  "  The  imagery  is 
wonderfully  apt  and  descriptive,  and  the  whole  poem 
floats  in  an  atmosphere  of  the  American  Indian 
summer."  But  he  thought  the  measure  too  sport 
ive  —  "  possibly  tender  and  pathetic,  but  not  passion 
ate  ;  "  he  ended  with  the  prediction  that  it  would 
live  after  the  Indian  race  had  vanished  from  our 
continent. 

Its  reception  by  the  press  was  generally  flatter 
ing  ;  though  some  critics  followed  in  the  footsteps  of 
Poe,  and  charged  him  with  plagiarism.  There  can 
be  no  doubt  that  he  was  strongly  influenced  by  the 
Finnish  epic.  Read  these  introductory  lines,  trans 
lated  by  John  Martin  Crawford,  and  the  resemblance 
cannot  fail  to  strike  :  — 

Golden  friend,  and  dearest  brother, 
Brother  dear  of  mine  in  childhood, 
Come  and  sing  with  me  the  stories, 
Come  and  chant  with  me  the  legends, 
Legends  of  the  times  forgotten, 
Since  we  now  are  here  together, 
Come  together  from  our  roamings. 
Seldom  do  we  come  for  singing, 
Seldom  to  the  one  the  other, 
O'er  this  cold  and  cruel  country, 
O'er  the  poor  soil  of  the  Northland. 
Let  us  clasp  our  hands  together 


vi  INTRODUCTION. 

That  we  thus  may  best  remember. 
Join  we  now  in  merry  singing, 
Chant  we  now  the  oldest  folk-lore, 
That  the  dear  ones  all  may  hear  them, 
That  the  well-inclined  may  hear  them, 
Of  this  rising  generation. 
These  are  words  in  childhood  taught  me, 
Songs  preserved  from  distant  ages  ; 
Legends  they  that  once  were  taken 
From  the  belt  of  Wainamoinen, 
From  the  forge  of  Ilmarinen, 
From  the  sword  of  Kaukomieli, 
From  the  bow  of  Youkahainen, 
From  the  pastures  of  the  Northland, 
From  the  meads  of  Kalevala. 
These  my  dear  old  father  sang  me 
When  at  work  with  knife  and  hatchet : 
These  my  tender  mother  taught  me 
When  she  twirled  the  flying  spindle, 
When  a  child  upon  the  matting 
By  her  feet  I  rolled  and  tumbled. 
Incantations  were  not  wanting 
Over  Sampo  and  o'er  Louhi, 
Sampo  growing  old  in  singing, 
Louhi  ceasing  her  enchantment. 
In  the  songs  died  wise  Wipunen, 
At  the  games  died  Lemmikainen. 
There  are  many  other  legends, 
Incantations  that  were  taught  me, 
That  I  found  along  the  wayside, 
Gathered  in  the  fragrant  copses, 
Blown  me  from  the  forest  branches, 
Culled  among  the  plumes  of  pine-trees, 
Scented  from  the  vines  and  flowers, 
Whispered  to  me  as  I  followed 
Flocks  in  land  of  honeyed  meadows, 


INTRODUCTION.  Vll 

Over  hillocks  green  and  golden, 
After  sable-haired  Murikki, 
And  the  many-colored  Kimmo. 
Man}'  runes  the  cold  has  told  me, 
Many  lays  the  rain  has  brought  me, 
Other  songs  the  winds  have  sung  me : 
Many  birds  from  many  forests 
Oft  have  sung  me  lays  in  concord ; 
Waves  of  sea  and  ocean  billows, 
Music  from  the  many  waters, 
Music  from  the  whole  creation, 
Oft  have  been  my  guide  and  master. 
Sentences  the  trees  created, 
Rolled  together  into  bundles, 
Moved  them  to  my  ancient  dwelling, 
On  the  sledges  to  my  cottage, 
Tied  them  to  my  garret  rafters, 
Hung  them  on  my  dwelling-portals, 
Laid  them  in  a  chest  of  boxes, 
Boxes  lined  with  shining  copper. 
Long  they  lay  within  my  dwelling, 
Through  the  chilling  winds  of  winter, 
In  my  dwelling-place  for  ages. 
Shall  I  bring  these  songs  together  ? 


It  will  add  to  our  enchantment, 
To  the  pleasure  of  the  evening, 
Northland's  long  and  dreary  evening, 
For  the  beauty  of  the  day-dawn, 
For  the  pleasure  of  the  morning, 
The  beginning  of  the  new  day. 

Here  are  the  last  fourteen  lines   in  the  original 
Suomi :  — 


Vin  INTRODUCTION. 

Lauloaksemme  hywia, 
Parahia  paunaksemme, 
Kuulla  noien  kultaisien, 
Tieta  mieletehtoisien, 
Nuorisossa  nousewassa, 
Kansassa  kasuawassa, 
Noita  saamia  sanoja, 
Wirsia  wirittamia. 
Wyoltawanhan  Wainamoisen, 
Alta  ahjon  Ilmarisen, 
Paasta  kaluan  Kaukomielen 
Joukahaisen,  jousen  tiesta 
Pohjan  peltojen  perilta 
Kalewalan  kankahilta. 

The  literal  translation  runs  :  — 

Let  us  sing  delightfully  —  let  us  give  of  our  best  —  that  our 
friends  may  listen  —  let  eager  minds  hear  us  —  let  the  growing 
youths  —  let  the  old  —  hear  these  borrowed  words  —  these  songs 
gathered  from  —  the  old  Wainamoinen's  girdle  —  from  under 
the  forge  of  Ilmarinen  1  —  from  Kaukomieli's  sword-point  — 
from  Jukahainen,  bow  —  from  the  Northland  country  —  from 
the  sand-hills  of  Kaleva's  home.2 

1  Ilmarinen,  God  of  the  Wind,  like  Mudjekeewis,  father  of  Hia 
watha. 

2  M.  A.  Castren's  Swedish  version  of  the  last  lines  goes :  — 

S&ngens  vanner  dem  fornimma 
Bland  den  ungdom,  nu  har  uppg&r, 
Bland  den  skara,  som  har  vaxer  — 
Dessa  ord  som  gafva  f&ngna, 
Dessa  ljufva  sanger,  tagna 
Frdn  den  gamle  Wainos  balte, 
Under  Ilmarinen's  a'ssja, 
Ned  fr&n  Kaukomieles  svardsudd, 
Joukahainens  b£ges  bane 


INTRODUCTION.  1X 

When  Hiawatha,  who  is  the  son  of  Mudjekeewis, 
goes  to  see  how  fares  it  with  his  father,  — 

"  At  the  door-ways  of  the  West-Wind, 
At  the  portals  of  the  Sunset, 

old  Nokomis  warns  him,  saying,  — 

"  Go  not  forth,  O  Hiawatha  ! 
To  the  Kingdom  of  the  West-Wind, 
To  the  realms  of  Mudjekeewis, 
Lest  he  harm  you  with  his  magic, 
Lest  he  kill  you  with  his  cunning." 

So  in  the  third  rune  of  the  Kalevala,  when  the 

Fr&n  det  innersta  af  Pohja 

Och  fr&n  Kalevalas  moar. 
The  lines,  — 

Niinlaulan  hywankiwirren 

Kaunihinki  kalkuttelen, 

Rusalta  rukihiselta, 

Uluelta  ohraiselta, 
are  translated  by  Anton  Scheif ner :  — 

Werd'  ein  hiibsches  Lied  so  singen, 

Dass  es  wunderschbn  ertone 

Von  dem  Bier  das  ich  genossen, 

Von  dem  schbnen  Gerstentranke  — 

The  same  in  the  wonderfully  skilful  Hungarian  version  of  Barna 
Ferdinand  read :  — 

Sze"p  dalt  fogom  en  zengeni, 

Szep  verseket  enikelni. 

A  jeles  rosz  eledeltbl, 

A  jo  izii  arpa  sbrtbl. 
And  in  the  later  Swedish  version  of  Collan :  — 

Sa  en  vacker  sang  jag  sjunger 

Later  goda  runor  ljuda, 

Sen  med  ragbrbd  mig  jag  mattot 

Och  forplagat  mig  med  korn-bl. 


X  INTRODUCTION. 

young  and  recKless  minstrel  of  Lapland,  Youkahai- 

nen  — 

"  Vows  that  he  will  Northward  hasten, 
Hie  him  Northward  and  betake  him 
To  the  dwellings  of  Wainola, 
To  the  cabins  of  the  Northland, 
There  as  bard  to  vie  in  battle 
With  the  famous  Wainamoinen,"  — 

Wainamoinen  being  the  son  of  the  Storm-Wind  and 
Ilmatar,  the  Beauteous  Daughter  of  the  Air,  the  Lap 
land  mother  cries,  — 

"  Go  not  hence  to  Wainamoinen, 
There  with  him  to  offer  battle  ; 
He  will  charm  thee  with  his  singing, 
Will  bewitch  thee  in  his  anger, 
He  will  drive  thee  back  dishonored, 
Sink  thee  in  the  fatal  snow-drift, 
Turn  to  ice  thy  pliant  fingers, 
Turn  to  ice  thy  feet  and  ankles." 

Then  one  may  compare  the  passing  of  Hiawatha 
at  the  very  end  of  the  last  canto  with  the  departure 
of  Wainomoinen  in  the  rune  of  Mariatta  :  — 

"  As  the  years  passed,  Wainamoinen 
Recognized  his  waning  powers  : 
Empty-handed,  heavy-hearted, 
Sang  his  farewell  song  to  Northland, 
To  the  people  of  Wainola ; 
Sang  himself  a  boat  of  copper. 
Beautiful  his  bark  of  magic ; 
At  the  helm  sat  the  magician, 
Sat  the  ancient  wisdom-singer. 
Westward,  westward  sailed  the  hero. 


INTRODUCTION.  x 

O'er  the  blue-black  of  the  waters, 
Singing  as  he  left  Wainola. 
This  his  plaintive  song  and  echo:  — 
'  Songs  may  rise  and  set  in  Suomi, 
Rise  and  set  for  generations, 
When  the  North  will  learn  my  teachings, 
Will  recall  my  wisdom  sayings, 
Hungry  for  the  true  religion. 
Then  will  Suomi  need  my  coming, 
Watch  for  me  at  dawn  of  morning, 
That  I  may  bring  back  the  Sampo, 
Bring  anew  the  harp  of  joyance, 
Bring  again  the  golden  moonlight, 
Bring  again  the  silver  sunshine, 
Peace  and  plenty  to  the  Northland.' 

Thus  the  ancient  Wainamoinen, 
In  his  copper-banded  vessel, 
Left  his  tribe  in  Kalevala, 
Sailing  o'er  the  rolling  billows, 
Sailing  through  the  azure  vapors, 
Sailing  through  the  dusk  of  evening, 
Sailing  to  the  fiery  sunset, 
To  the  higher-landed  regions, 
To  the  lower  verge  of  heaven  ; 
Quickly  gained  the  far  horizon, 
Gained  the  purple-colored  harbor. 
There  his  bark  he  firmly  anchored, 
Rested  in  his  boat  of  copper. 
But  he  left  his  harp  of  magic, 
Left  his  songs  and  wisdom-sayings, 
To  the  lasting  joy  of  Suomi." 

Any  one  not  familiar  with  the  Kalevala,  and  re 
membering  Hiawatha  as  a  song  long  sung,  would 
infallibly,  on  hearing  those  lines  read,  attribute  them 


Xll  INTRODUCTION. 

to  Longfellow.  The  experiment  has  been  tried.  We 
must  also  in  all  fairness  recognize  that  the  trans 
lator  of  the  Kalevala  would  perhaps  be  to  a  certain 
extent  influenced  in  his  phraseology  by  the  language 
of  Hiawatha.  But  it  is  not  extravagant  to  claim 
that,  just  as  Vergil  imitated  Homer,  so  Longfellow, 
more  or  less  consciously,  imitated  the  Suomi  epic ; 
nor  does  it  detract  from  the  value  or  interest  of  the 
American  poem.  The  metre  is  particularly  well 
adapted  to  the  presentation  of  the  Indian  legends ; 
the  names  glide  easily  into  the  lilting,  monotonous 
measure,  and  it  would  be  difficult,  even  if  it  were 
desirable,  to  avoid  the  quaint  repetitions  so  charac 
teristic  of  these  two  poems. 

It  must  be  remembered  that  the  genius  of  the 
English  language  looks  somewhat  askance  upon  the 
trochaic  measure,  and  is  far  more  at  home  with  the 
statelier  iambics.  And  it  was  a  bold  venture  to 
compose  so  long  a  poem  in  this  alien  form.  It  is 
not  strange  that  some  of  the  lines  limp  as  if  they 
were  tired  of  going  so  fast.  Longfellow  himself  felt 
that  it  was  a  risky  experiment,  and  his  diary  records 
some  of  his  friends'  comments  on  it  as  he  read  it  to 
them  in  the  course  of  its  creation.  Thus,  about 
six  months  after  he  had  fairly  begun  it,  he  records 
the  expression  of  a  friend's  fears  that  it  will  lack 
human  interest,  and  adds  that  he  must  put  a  live, 
beating  human  heart  into  it. 

A  little  before  he  chronicles  his  misgivings,  and 


INTRODUCTION.  xin 

at  the  same  time  his  absorption  in  the  theme.  That 
he  managed  to  put  the  live  human  heart  into  it  is 
evidenced  by  its  perennial  popularity  and  by  the 
fact  that  it  has  outlived  all  the  innumerable  traves 
ties  that  grew  up  about  it  and  threatened  to  choke 
out  its  life.  It  has  been  translated  into  various  lan 
guages,  and  has  served  at  least  two  generations  of 
schoolboys  for  declamations  on  the  platform.  It 
may  be  justly  regarded  as  the  national  epic  of  the 
Indian  race  —  the  one  tribute  that  the  Muses  have 
rendered  to  offset  all  the  abuses  which  the  white 
race  have  imposed  on  their  predecessors. 

In  order  that  the  reader  may  see  what  basis 
Longfellow  had  for  his  Indian  subject,  and  may  ap 
preciate  what  a  service  the  poet  renders  in  lifting 
legends  into  the  realm  of  fancy,  a  few  selections 
from  Schoolcraft's  Algic  Researches,  and  from  his 
great  work  on  the  Indians,  have  been  added  in  an 
appendix.  It  will  be  seen  how  the  magic  touch 
transmutes  the  crude  material  of  the  Indian  folk 
tale  into  the  finished,  graceful  poem  that  appeals 
to  the  heart  of  the  most  cultivated,  and  yet  has  the 
fragrance  of  the  primitive  woods.  Such  was  Long 
fellow's  triumph,  and  the  passage  of  long  years  has 
only  intensified  the  admiration  of  the  world  for  his 
masterpiece. 

NATHAN  HASKELL  DOLE. 
BOSTON,  Feb.  18,  1898. 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 

INTRODUCTION i 

I.    THE  PEACE-PIPE 7 

II.     THE  FOUR  WINDS 15 

III.  HIAWATHA'S  CHILDHOOD 28 

IV.  HIAWATHA  AND  MUDJEKEEWIS 39 

V.     HIAWATHA'S  FASTING 52 

VI.    HIAWATHA'S  FRIENDS 65 

VII.    HIAWATHA'S  SAILING 73 

VIII.    HIAWATHA'S  FISHING 80 

IX.    HIAWATHA  AND  THE  PEARL-FEATHER  ...  91 

X.     HIAWATHA'S  WOOING 104 

XI.     HIAWATHA'S  WEDDING-FEAST 117 

XII.    THE  SON  OF  THE  EVENING  STAR 128 

XIII.  BLESSING  THE  CORN-FIELDS 144 

XIV.  PICTURE-WRITING 155 

XV.     HIAWATHA'S  LAMENTATION     .......  163 

XVI.    PAU-PUK-KEEWIS 173 

xv 


XV1  CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

XVII.  THE  HUNTING  OF  PAU-PUK-KEEWIS  ...  185 

XVIII.  THE  DEATH  OF  KWASIND 201 

XIX.  THE  GHOSTS 207 

XX.  THE  FAMINE 217 

XXI.  THE  WHITE  MAN'S  FOOT 225 

XXII.  HIAWATHA'S  DEPARTURE 235 


GLOSSARY 247 

NOTES 251 

APPENDIX 263 


THE    SONG    OF    HIAWATHA. 


INTRODUCTION. 

SHOULD  you  ask  me,  whence  these  stories? 

Whence  these  legends  and  traditions, 

With  the  odors  of  the  forest, 

With  the  dew  and  damp  of  meadows, 

With  the  curling  smoke  of  wigwams, 

With  the  rushing  of  great  rivers, 

With  their  frequent  repetitions, 

And  their  wild  reverberations, 

As  of  thunder  in  the  mountains? 

I  should  answer,  I  should  tell  you :  — 
''From  the  forests  and  the  prairies, 
From  the  great  lakes  of  the  Northland, 
From  the  land  of  the  O  jib  ways, 
From  the  land  of  the  Dacotahs, 
From  the  mountains,  moors,  and  fen-lands, 


2  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

Where  the  heron,  the  Shuh-shuh-gah, 
i?e&S*$fi4>4g*the  reeds  and  rushes. 
I  Repeat  themes  I  heard  them 
'FrOXii  the'  lips  ro^.^awadaha, 
The  musician,  the  sweet  singer." 

Should  you  ask  where  Nawadaha 
Found  these  songs,  so  wild  and  wayward, 
Found  these  legends  and  traditions, 
I  should  answer,  I  should  tell  you  :  — 
"  In  the  bird's-nests  of  the  forest, 
In  the  lodges  of  the  beaver, 
In  the  hoof-prints  of  the  bison, 
In  the  eyry  of  the  eagle  1 

"All  the  wild-fowl  sang  them  to  him, 
In  the  moorlands  and  the  fen-lands, 
In  the  melancholy  marshes; 
Chetowaik,  the  plover,  sang  them, 
Mahng,  the  loon,  the  wild  goose,  Wawa, 
The  blue  heron,  the  Shuh-shuh-gah, 
And  the  grouse,  the  Mushkodasa!" 

If  still  further  you  should  ask  me, 
Saying,   "Who  was  Nawadaha? 
Tell  us  of  this  Nawadaha," 
I  should  answer  your  inquiries 


INTRODUCTION. 

Straightway  in  such  words  as  follow. 

"In  the  Vale  of  Tawasentha, 
In  the  green  and  silent  valley, 
By  the  pleasant  water-courses, 
Dwelt  the  singer  Nawadaha. 
Round  about  the  Indian  village 
Spread  the  meadows  and  the  corn-fields. 
And  beyond  them  stood  the  forest, 
Stood  the  groves  of  singing  pine-trees, 
Green  in  Summer,  white  in  Winter, 
Ever  sighing,  ever  singing. 

"And  the  pleasant  water-courses, 
You  could  trace  them  through  the  valley, 
By  the  rushing  in  the  Spring-time, 
By  the  alders  in  the  Summer, 
By  the  white  fog  in  the  Autumn, 
By  the  black  line  in  the  Winter; 
And  beside  them  dwelt  the  singer, 
In  the  Vale  of  Tawasentha, 
In  the  green  and  silent  valley. 

"There  he  sang  of  Hiawatha, 
Sang  the  Song  of  Hiawatha, 
Sang  his  wondrous  birth  and  being, 
How  he  prayed  and  how  he  fasted, 


4  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

How  he   lived,  and  toiled,  and  suffered, 
That  the  tribes  of  men  might  prosper, 
That  he  might  advance  his  people!" 

Ye  who  love  the  haunts  of  Nature, 
Love  the  sunshine  of  the  meadow, 
Love  the  shadow  of  the  forest, 
Love  the  wind  among  the  branches, 
And  the  rain-shower  and  the  snow-storm, 
And  the  rushing  of  great  rivers 
Through  their  palisades  of  pine-trees, 
And  the  thunder  in  the  mountains, 
Whose  innumerable  echoes 
Flap  like  eagles  in  their  eyries;  — 
Listen  to  these  wild  traditions, 
To  this  Song  of  Hiawatha  ! 

Ye  who  love  a  nation's  legends, 
Love  the  ballads  of  a  people, 
That  like  voices  from  afar  off 
Call  to  us  to  pause  and  listen, 
Speak  in  tones  so  plain  and  childlike, 
Scarcely  can  the  ear  distinguish 
Whether  they  are  sung  or  spoken; — - 
Listen  to  this  Indian  Legend, 
To  this  Song  of  Hiawatha! 


INTRODUCTION. 

Ye  whose  hearts  are  fresh  and  simple, 
Who  have  faith  in  God  and  Nature, 
Who  believe,  that  in  all  ages 
Every  human  heart  is  human, 
That  in  even  savage  bosoms 
There  are  longings,  yearnings,  strivings 
For  the  good  they  comprehend  not, 
That  the  feeble  hands  and  helpless, 
Groping  blindly  in  the  darkness, 
Touch  God's  right  hand  in  that  darkness 
And  are  lifted  up  and  strengthened;  — 
Listen  to  this  simple  story, 
To  this  Song  of  Hiawatha  ! 

Ye,  who  sometimes,  in  your  rambles 
Through  the  green  lanes  of  the  country, 
Where  the  tangled  barberry-bushes 
Hang  their  tufts  of  crimson  berries 
Over  stone  walls  gray  with  mosses, 
Pause  by  some  neglected  graveyard, 
For  a  while  to  muse,  and  ponder 
On  a  half-effaced  inscription, 
Written  with  little  skill  of  song-craft, 
Homely  phrases,  but  each  letter 
Full  of  hope  and  yet  of  heart-break, 


6  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

Full  of  all  the  tender  pathos 
Of  the  Here  and  the  Hereafter;  — 
Stay  and  read  this  rude  inscription, 
Read  this  Song  of  Hiawatha! 


THE  PEACE-PIPE. 


THE    PEACE-PIPE. 

ON  the  Mountains  of  the  Prairie, 
On  the  great  Red  Pipe-stone  Quarry, 
Gitche  Manito,  the  mighty, 
He  the  Master  of  Life,  descending, 
On  the  red  crags  of  the  quarry 
Stood  erect,  and  called  the  nations, 
Called  the  tribes  of  men  together. 

From  his  footprints  flowed  a  river, 
Leaped  into  the  light  of  morning, 
O'er  the  precipice  plunging  downward 
Gleamed  like  Ishkoodah,  the  comet. 
And  the  Spirit,  stooping  earthward, 
With  his  finger  on  the  meadow 
Traced  a  winding  pathway  for  it, 
Saying  to  it :  —  "  Run  in  this  way  !  " 

From  the  red  stone  of  the  quarry 


8  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA 

With  his  hand  he  broke  a  fragment, 
Moulded  it  into  a  pipe-head, 
Shaped  and  fashioned  it  with  figures; 
From  the  margin  of  the  river 
Took  a  long  reed  for  a  pipe-stem, 
With  its  dark  green  leaves  upon  it; 
Filled  the  pipe  with  bark  of  willow, 
With  the  bark  of  the  red  willow; 
Breathed  upon  the  neighboring  forest, 
Made  its  great  boughs  chafe  together, 
Till  in  flame  they  burst  and  kindled; 
And  erect  upon  the  mountains, 
Gitche  Manito,  the  mighty, 
Smoked  the  calumet,  the  Peace- Pipe, 
As  a  signal  to  the  nations. 

And  the  smoke  rose  slowly,  slowly, 
Through  the  tranquil  air  of  morning, 
First  a  single  line  of  darkness, 
Then  a  denser,  bluer  vapor, 
Then  a  snow-white  cloud  unfolding, 
Like  the  tree-tops  of  the  forest, 
Ever  rising,  rising,  rising, 
Till  it  touched  the  top  of  heaven, 
Till  it  broke  against  the  heaven, 


THE   PEACE-PIPE. 

And  rolled  outward  all  around  it. 

From  the  Vale  of  Tawasentha, 
From  the  Valley  of  Wyoming, 
From  the  groves  of  Tuscaloosa, 
From  the  far-off  Rocky  Mountains, 
From  the  Northern  lakes  and  rivers, 
All  the  tribes  beheld  the  signal, 
Saw  the  distant  smoke  ascending, 
The  Pukwana  of  the  Peace-Pipe. 

And  the  Prophets  of  the  nations 
Said:—  "Behold  it,  the  Pukwana! 
By  this  signal  from  afar  off, 
Bending  like  a  wand  of  willow, 
Waving  like  a  hand  that  beckons, 
Gitche  Manito,  the  mighty, 
Calls  the  tribes  of  men  together, 
Calls  the  warriors  to  his  council!" 

Down  the  rivers,  o'er  the  prairies, 
Came  the  warriors  of  the  nations, 
Came  the  Delawares  and  Mohawks, 
Came  the  Choctaws  and  Camanches, 
Came  the  Shoshonies  and  Blackfeet, 
Came  the  Pawnees  and  Omawhaws, 
Came  the  Mandans  and  Dacotahs, 


10  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

Came  the  Hurons  and  Ojibways, 
All  the  warriors  drawn  together 
By  the  signal  of  the  Peace-Pipe, 
To  the  Mountains  of  the  Prairie, 
To  the  great  Red  Pipe-stone  Quarry. 

And  they  stood  there  on  the  meadow, 
With  their  weapons  and  their  war-gear. 
Painted  like  the  leaves  of  Autumn, 
Painted  like  the  sky  of  morning, 
Wildly  glaring  at  each  other; 
In  their  faces  stern  defiance, 
In  their  hearts  the  feuds  of  ages, 
The  hereditary  hatred, 
The  ancestral  thirst  of  vengeance. 

Gitche  Manito,  the  mighty, 
The  creator  of  the  nations, 
Looked  upon  them  with  compassion, 
With  paternal  love  and  pity; 
Looked  upon  their  wrath  and  wrangling 
But  as  quarrels  among  children, 
But  as  feuds  and  fights  of  children! 

Over  them  he  stretched  his  right  hand, 
To  subdue  their  stubborn  natures, 
To  allay  their  thirst  and  fever, 


THE  PEACE-PIPE. 

By  the  shadow  of  his  right  hand; 

Spake  to  them  with  voice  majestic 

As  the  sound  of  far-off  waters, 

Falling  into  deep  abysses, 

Warning,  chiding,  spake  in  this  wise:  — 
"O  my  children!  my  poor  children! 

Listen  to  the  words  of  wisdom, 

Listen  to  the  words  of  warning, 

From  the  lips  of  the  Great  Spirit, 

From  the  Master  of  Life,  who  made  you! 

"I  have  given  you  lands  to  hunt  in, 
I  have  given  you  streams  to  fish  in, 
I  have  given  you  bear  and  bison, 
I  have  given  you  roe  and  reindeer, 
I  have  given  you  brant  and  beaver, 
Filled  the  marshes  full  of  wild-fowl, 
Filled  the  rivers  full  of  fishes; 
Why  then  are  you  not  contented? 
WThy  then  will  you  hunt  each  other? 

"I  am  weary  of  your  quarrels, 
Weary  of  your  wars  and  bloodshed, 
Weary  of  your  prayers  for  vengeance, 
Of  your  wranglings  and  dissensions; 
All  your  strength  is  in  your  union, 


11 


12  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

All  your  danger  is  in  discord; 
Therefore  be  at  peace  henceforward, 
And  as  brothers  live  together. 

"I  will  send  a  Prophet  to  you, 
A  Deliverer  of  the  nations, 
Who  shall  guide  you  and  shall  teach  you. 
Who  shall  toil  and  suffer  with  you. 
If  you  listen  to  his  counsels, 
You  will  multiply  and  prosper; 
If  his  warnings  pass  unheeded, 
You  will  fade  away  and  perish  ! 

"Bathe  now  in  the  stream  before  you, 
Wash  the  war-paint  from  your  faces, 
Wash  the  blood-stains  from  your  fingers, 
Bury  your  war-clubs  and  your  weapons, 
Break  the  red  stone  from  this  quarry, 
Mould  and  make  it  into  Peace-Pipes, 
Take  the  reeds  that  grow  beside  you, 
Deck  them  with  your  brightest  feathers, 
Smoke  the  calumet  together, 
And  as  brothers  live  henceforward!" 
Then  upon  the  ground  the  warriors 
Threw  their  cloaks  and  shirts  of  deer-skin, 
Threw  their  weapons  and  their  war-gear, 


THE  PEACE-PIPE  13 

Leaped  into  the  rushing  river, 
Washed  the  war-paint  from  their  faces. 
Clear  above  them  flowed  the  water, 
Clear  and  limpid  from  the  footprints 
Of  the  Master  of  Life  descending; 
Dark  below  them  flowed  the  water, 
Soiled  and  stained  with  streaks  of  crimson, 
As  if  blood  were  mingled  with  it! 

From  the  river  came  the  warriors, 
Clean  and  washed  from  all  their  war-paint; 
On  the  banks  their  clubs  they  buried, 
Buried  all  their  warlike  weapons. 
Gitche  Manito,   the  mighty, 
The  Great  Spirit,   the  creator, 
Smiled  upon  his  helpless  children! 

And  in  silence  all  the  warriors 
Broke  the  red  stone  of  the  quarry, 
Smoothed  and  formed  it  into  Peace-Pipes, 
Broke  the  long  reeds  by  the  river, 
Decked  them  with  their  brightest  feathers. 
And  departed  each  one  homeward, 
While  the  Master  of  Life,  ascending, 
Through  the  opening  of  cloud-curtains, 
Through  the  doorways  of  the  heaven, 


14  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA 

Vanished  from  before  their  faces, 

In  the  smoke  that  rolled  around  him, 

The  Pukwana  of  the  Peace-Pipe  1 


THE  FOUR   WINDS. 


II. 


THE    FOUR   WINDSo 

"HONOR  be  to  Mudjekeewis !  " 
Cried  the  warriors,  cried  the  old  men, 
When  he  came  in  triumph  homeward 
With  the  sacred  Belt  of  Wampum, 
From  the  regions  of  the  North-Wind, 
From  the  kingdom  of  Wabasso, 
From  the  land  of  the  White  Rabbit. 

He  had  stolen  the  Belt  of  Wampum 
From  the  neck  of  Mishe-Mokwa, 
From  the  Great  Bear  of  the  mountains. 
From  the  terror  of  the  nations, 
As  he  lay  asleep  and  cumbrous 
On  the  summit  of  the  mountains, 
Like  a  rock  with  mosses  on  it, 
Spotted  brown  and  gray  with  mosses. 

Silently  he  stole  upon  him, 


16  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

Till  the  red  nails  of  the  monster 
Almost  touched  him,  almost  scared  him, 
Till  the  hot  breath  of  his  nostrils 
Warmed  the  hands  of  Mudjekeewis, 
As  he  drew  the  Belt  of  Wampum 
Over  the  round  ears,  that  heard  not, 
Over  the  small  eyes,  that  saw  not, 
Over  the  long  nose  and  nostrils, 
The  black  muffle  of  the  nostrils, 
Out  of  which  the  heavy  breathing 
Warmed  the  hands  of  Mudjekeewis. 

Then  he  swung  aloft  his  war-club, 
Shouted  loud  and  long  his  war-cry, 
Smote  the  mighty  Mishe-Mokwa 
In  the  middle  of  the  forehead, 
Right  between  the  eyes  he  smote  him. 

With  the  heavy  blow  bewildered, 
Rose  the  Great  Bear  of  the  mountains, 
But  his  knees  beneath  him  trembled, 
And  he  whimpered  like  a  woman, 
As  he  reeled  and  staggered  forward, 
As  he  sat  upon  his  haunches; 
And  the  mighty  Mudjekeewis, 
Standing  fearlessly  before  him, 


THE  FOUR   WINDS.  IT 

Taunted  him  in  loud  derision, 
Spake  disdainfully  in  this  wise:  — 

"  Hark  you,  Bear  !  you  are  a  coward, 
And  no  Brave,  as  you  pretended; 
Else  you  would  not  cry  and  whimper 
Like  a  miserable  woman! 
Bear!  you  know  our  tribes  are  hostile, 
Long  have  been  at  war  together; 
Now  you  find  that  we  are  strongest, 
You  go  sneaking  in  the  forest, 
You  go  hiding  in  the  mountains! 
Had  you  conquered  me  in  battle 
Not  a  groan  would  I  have  uttered; 
But  you,  Bear!  sit  here  and  whimper, 
And  disgrace  your  tribe  by  crying, 
Like  a  wretched  Shaugodaya, 
Like  a  cowardly  old  woman ! " 

Then  again  he  raised  his  war-club, 
Smote  again  the  Mishe-Mokwa 
In  the  middle  of  his  forehead, 
Broke  his  skull,  as  ice  is  broken 
When  one  goes  to  fish  in  Winter. 
Thus  was  slain  the  Mishe-Mokwa, 
He  the  Great  Bear  of  the  mountains, 


18  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

He  the  terror  of  the  nations. 

"Honor  be  to  Mudjekeewis! " 
With  a  shout  exclaimed  the  people, 
"Honor  be  to  Mudjekeewis! 
Henceforth  he  shall  be  the  West-Wind, 
And  hereafter  and  for  ever 
Shall  he  hold  supreme  dominion 
Over  all  the  winds  of  heaven. 
Call  him  no  more  Mudjekeewis, 
Call  him  Kabeyun,  the  West-Wind  ! " 

Thus  was  Mudjekeewis  chosen 
Father  of  the  Winds  of  Heaven. 
For  himself  he  kept  the  West-Wind, 
Gave  the  others  to  his  children; 
Unto  Wabun  gave  the  East-Wind, 
Gave  the  South  to  Shawondasee, 
And  the  North-Wind,  wild  and  cruel, 
To  the  fierce  Kabibonokka. 

Young  and  beautiful  was  Wabun; 
He  it  was  who  brought  the  morning, 
He  it  was  whose  silver  arrows 
Chased  the  dark  o'er  hill  and  valley; 
He  it  was  whose  cheeks  were  painted 
With  the  brightest  streaks  of  crimson, 


THE  FOUR   WINDS.  19 

And  whose  voice  awoke  the  village, 
Called  the  deer,  and  called  the  hunter. 

Lonely  in  the  sky  was  Wabun; 
Though  the  birds  sang  gayly  to  him, 
Though  the  wild-flowers  of  the  meadow 
Filled  the  air  with  odors  for  him, 
Though  the  forests  and  the  rivers 
Sang  and  shouted  at  his  coming, 
Still  his  heart  was  sad  within  him, 
For  he  was  alone  in  heaven. 

But  one  morning,  gazing  earthward, 
While  the  village  still  was  sleeping, 
And  the  fog  lay  on  the  river, 
Like  a  ghost,  that  goes  at  sunrise, 
He  beheld  a  maiden  walking 
All  alone  upon  a  meadow, 
Gathering  water-flags  and  rushes 
By  a  river  in  the  meadow. 

Every  morning,  gazing  earthward, 
Still  the  first  thing  he  beheld  there 
Was  her  blue  eyes  looking  at  him, 
Two  blue  lakes  among  the  rushes. 
And  he  loved  the  lonely  maiden, 
Who  thus  waited  for  his  coming; 


20  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

For  they  both  were  solitary, 
She  on  earth  and  he  in  heaven. 

And  he  wooed  her  with  caresses, 
Wooed  her  with  his  smile  of  sunshine, 
With  his  flattering  words  he  wooed  her, 
With  his  sighing  and  his  singing, 
Gentlest  whispers  in  the  branches, 
Softest  music,  sweetest  odors, 
Till  he  drew  her  to  his  bosom, 
Folded  in  his  robes  of  crimson, 
Till  into  a  star  he  changed  her, 
Trembling  still  upon  his  bosom  ; 
And  for  ever  in  the  heavens 
They  are  seen  together  walking, 
Wabun  and  the  Wabun-Annung, 
Wabun  and  the  Star  of  Morning. 

But  the  fierce  Kabibonokka 
Had  his  dwelling  among  icebergs. 
In  the  everlasting  snow-drifts, 
In  the  kingdom  of  Wabasso, 
In  the  land  of  the  White  Rabbit 
He  it  was  whose  hand  in  Autumn 
Painted  all  the  trees  with  scarlet, 
Stained  the  leaves  with  red  and  yellow; 


THE  FOUR   WINDS.  21 

He  it  was  who  sent  the  snow-flakes, 
Sifting,  hissing  through  the  forest, 
Froze  the  ponds,  the  lakes,  the  rivers, 
Drove  the  loon  and  sea-gull  southward, 
Drove  the  cormorant  and  heron 
To  their  nests  of  sedge  and  sea-tang 
In  the  realms  of   Shawondasee. 

Once  the  fierce  Kabibonokka 
Issued  from  his  lodge  of  snow-drifts, 
From  his  home  among  the  icebergs, 
And  his  hair,  with  snow  besprinkled, 
Streamed  behind  him  like  a  river, 
Like  a  black  and  wintry  river, 
As  he  howled  and  hurried  southward, 
Over  frozen  lakes  and  moorlands. 

There  among  the  reeds  and  rushes 
Found  he   Shingebis,  the  diver, 
Trailing  strings  of  fish  behind  him, 
O'er  the  frozen  fens  and  moorlands, 
Lingering  still  among  the  moorlands, 
Though  his  tribe  had  long  departed 
To  the  land  of  Shawondasee. 

Cried  the  fierce  Kabibonokka, 
"Who  is  this  that  dares  to  brave  me? 


22  THE  SONG    OF  HIAWATHA. 

Dares  to  stay  in  my  dominions, 

When  the  Wawa  has  departed, 

When  the  wild-goose  has  gone  southward, 

And  the  heron,  the  Shuh-shuh-gah, 

Long  ago  departed  southward? 

I  will  go  into  his  wigwam, 

I  will  put  his  smouldering  fire  out!" 

And  at  night  Kabibonokka 
To  the  lodge  came  wild  and  wailing, 
Heaped  the  snow  in  drifts  about  it, 
Shouted  down  into  the  smoke-flue, 
Shook  the  lodge-poles  in  his  fury, 
Flapped  the  curtain  of  the  door-way. 
Shingebis,  the  diver,  feared  not, 
Shingebis,  the  diver,  cared  not; 
Four  great  logs  had  he  for  fire-wood, 
One  for  each  moon  of  the  winter, 
And  for  food  the  fishes  served  him. 
By  his  blazing  fire  he  sat  there, 
Warm  and  merry,  eating,  laughing, 
Singing,  "O  Kabibonokka, 
You  are  but  my  fellow-mortal  I " 

Then  Kabibonokka  entered, 
And  though  Shingebis,  the  diver, 


THE  FOUR   WINDS.  23 

Felt  his  presence  by  the  coldness, 
Felt  his  icy  breath  upon  him, 
Still  he  did  not  cease  his  singing, 
Still  he  did  not  leave  his  laughing, 
Only  turned  the  log  a  little,  , 
Only  made  the  fire  burn  brighter, 
Made  the  sparks  fly  up  the  smoke-flue. 

From  Kabibonokka's  forehead, 
From  his  snow-besprinkled  tresses, 
Drops  of  sweat  fell  fast  and  heavy, 
Making  dints  upon  the  ashes, 
As  along  the  eaves  of  lodges, 
As  from  drooping  boughs  of  hemlock, 
Drips  the  melting  snow  in  spring-time, 
Making  hollows  in  the  snow-drifts. 

Till  at  last  he  rose  defeated, 
Could  not  bear  the  heat  and  laughter, 
Could  not  bear  the  merry  singing, 
But  rushed  headlong  through  the  door-way, 
Stamped  upon  the  crusted  snow-drifts, 
Stamped  upon  the  lakes  and  rivers, 
Made  the  snow  upon  them  harder, 
Made  the  ice  upon  them  thicker, 
Challenged  Shingebis,  the  diver, 


24  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

To  come  forth  and  wrestle  with  him, 
To  come  forth  and  wrestle  naked 
On  the  frozen  fens  and  moorlands. 

Forth  went  Shingebis,  the  diver, 
Wrestled  all  night  with  the  North-Wind, 
Wrestled  naked  on  the  moorlands 
With  the  fierce  Kabibonokka, 
Till  his  panting  breath  grew  fainter, 
Till   his  frozen  grasp  grew  feebler, 
Till  he  reeled  and  staggered  backward, 
And  retreated,  baffled,  beaten, 
To  the  kingdom  of  Wabasso, 
To  the  land  of  the  White  Rabbit, 
Hearing  still  the  gusty  laughter, 
Hearing  Shingebis,  the  diver, 
Singing,  "O  Kabibonokka, 
You  are  but  my  fellow-mortal !  " 

Shawondasee,  fat  and  lazy, 
Had  his  dwelling  far  to  southward, 
In  the  drowsy,   dreamy  sunshine, 
In  the  never-ending  Summer. 
He  it  was  who  sent  the  wood-birds, 
Sent  the  Opechee,  the  robin, 
Sent  the  blue-bird,  the  Owaissa, 


THE  FOUR   WINDS.  25 

Sent  the  Shawshaw,  sent  the  swallow, 
Sent  the  wild-goose,  Wawa,  northward, 
Sent  the  melons  and  tobacco, 
And  the  grapes  in  purple  clusters. 

From  his  pipe  the  smoke  ascending 
Filled  the  sky  with  haze  and  vapor, 
Filled  the  air  with  dreamy  softness, 
Gave  a  twinkle  to  the  water, 
Touched  the  rugged  hills  with  smoothness, 
Brought  the  tender  Indian  Summer, 
In  the  Moon  when  nights  are  brightest, 
In  the  dreary  moon  of  Snow-shoes. 

Listlecs,  careless*  Shawondasee! 
In  his  life  he  had  one  shadow, 
In  his  heart  one  sorrow  had  he. 
Once,  as  he  was  gazing  northward, 
Far  away  upon  a  prairie 
He  beheld  a  maiden  standing, 
Saw  a  tall  and  slender  maiden 
All  alone  upon  a  prairie; 
Brightest  green  were  all  her  garments^ 
And  her  hair  was  like  the  sunshine. 

Day  by  day  he  gazed  upon  her, 
Day  by  day  he  sighed  with  passion, 


26  THE  SONG   OF  HI  AH/ AT  HA. 

Day  by  day  his  heart  within  him 
Grew  more  hot  with  love  and  longing 
For  the  maid  with  yellow  tresses. 
But  he  was  too  fat  and  lazy 
To  bestir  himself  and  woo  her; 
Yes,   too  indolent  and  easy 
To  pursue  her  and  persuade  her. 
So  he  only  gazed  upon  her, 
Only  sat  and  sighed  with  passion 
For  the  maiden  of  the  prairie. 

Till  one  morning,   looking  northward, 
He  beheld  her  yellow  tresses 
Changed  and  covered  o'er  with  whiteness, 
Covered  as  with  whitest  snow-flakes. 
"Ah!  my  brother  from  the  North-land, 
From  the  kingdom  of  Wabasso, 
From  the  land  of  the  White  Rabbit! 
You  have  stolen  the  maiden  from  me, 
You  have  laid  your  hand  upon  her, 
You  have  wooed  and  won  my  maiden, 
With  your  stories  of  the  North-land!" 

Thus  the  wretched  Shawondasee 
Breathed  into  the  air  his  sorrow; 
And  the  South-Wind  o'er  the  prairie 


THE  FOUR   WINDS.  27 

Wandered  warm  with  sighs  of  passion, 
With  the  sighs  of  Shawondasee, 
Till  the  air  seemed  full  of  snow-flakes, 
Full  of  thistle-down  the  prairie, 
And  the  maid  with  hair  like  sunshine 
Vanished  from  his  sight  for  ever; 
Never  more  did  Shawondasee 
See  the  maid  with  yellow  tresses  ! 

Poor,  deluded  Shawondasee  ! 
'T  was  no  woman  that  you  gazed  at, 
'T  was  no  maiden  that  you  sighed  for, 
'T  was  the  prairie  dandelion 
That  through  all  the  dreamy  Summer 
You  had  gazed  at  with  such  longing, 
You  had  sighed  for  with  such  passion, 
And  had  puffed  away  for  ever, 
Blown  into  the  air  with  sighing. 
Ah  !   deluded  Shawondasee  ! 

Thus  the  Four  Winds  were  divided; 
Thus  the  sons  of  Mudjekeewis 
Had  their  stations  in  the  heavens, 
At  the  corners  of  the  heavens ; 
For  himself  the  West-Wind  only 
Kept  the  mighty  Mudjekeewis. 


28  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 


III. 

HIAWATHA'S  CHILDHOOD. 

DOWNWARD  through  the  evening  twilight, 

In  the  days  that  are  forgotten, 

In  the  unremembered  ages, 

From  the  full  moon  fell  Nokomis, 

Fell  the  beautiful  Nokomis, 

She  a  wife,  but  not  a  mother. 

She  was  sporting  with  her  women, 
Swinging  in  a  swing  of  grape-vines, 
When  her  rival,  the  rejected, 
Full  of  jealousy  and  hatred, 
Cut  the  leafy  swing  asunder, 
Cut  in  twain  the  twisted  grape-vines, 
And  Nokomis  fell  affrighted 
Downward  through  the  evening  twilight, 
On  the  Muskoday,  the  meadow, 
On  the  prairie  full  of  blossoms. 


HIAWATHA'S   CHILDHOOD.  29 

"See!  a  star  falls!"   said  the  people; 
"From  the  sky  a  star  is  falling!" 

There  among  the  ferns  and  mosses, 
There  among  the  prairie  lilies, 
On  the  Muskoday,   the  meadow, 
In  the  moonlight  and  the  starlight, 
Fair  Nokomis  bore  a  daughter. 
And  she  called  her  name  Wenonah, 
As  the  first-born  of  her  daughters. 
And  the  daughter  of  Nokomis 
Grew  up  like  the  prairie  lilies, 
Grew  a  tall  and  slender  maiden, 
With  the  beauty  of  the  moonlight, 
With  the  beauty  of  the  starlight. 

And  Nokomis  warned  her  often, 
Saying  oft,  and  oft  repeating, 
"O,  beware  of  Mudjekeewis, 
Of  the  West-Wind,  Mudjekeewis; 
Listen  not  to  what  he  tells  you; 
Lie  not  down  upon  the  meadow, 
Stoop  not  down  among  the  lilies, 
Lest  the  West-Wind  come  and  harm  you!" 

But  she  heeded  not  the  warning, 
Heeded  not  those  words  of  wisdom, 


30  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

And  the  West-Wind  came  at  evening, 
Walking  lightly  o'er  the  prairie, 
Whispering  to  the  leaves  and  blossoms, 
Bending  low  the  flowers  and  grasses, 
Found  the  beautiful  Wenonah, 
Lying  there  among  the  lilies, 
Wooed  her  with  his  words  of  sweetness, 
Wooed  her  with  his  soft  caresses, 
Till  she  bore  a  son  in  sorrow, 
Bore  a  son  of  love  and  sorrow. 

Thus  was  born  my  Hiawatha, 
Thus  was  born  the  child  of  wonder; 
But  the  daughter  of  Nokomis, 
Hiawatha's  gentle  mother, 
In  her  anguish  died  deserted 
By  the  West-Wind,  false  and  faithless, 
By  the  heartless  Mudjekeewis. 

For  her  daughter,   long  and  loudly 
Wailed  and  wept  the  sad  Nokomis  ; 
"O  that  I  were  dead!"   she  murmured. 
"O  that  I  were  dead,  as  thou  art! 
No  more  work,  and  no  more  weeping, 
Wahonomin !  Wahonomin !  " 

By  the  shores  of  Gitche  Gumee, 


HIAWATHA'S   CHILDHOOD.  31 

By  the  shining  Big-Sea-Water, 
Stood  the  wigwam  of  Nokomis, 
Daughter  of  the  Moon,  Nokomis^ 
Dark  behind  it  rose  the  forest, 
Rose  the  black  and  gloomy  pine-trees, 
Rose  the  firs  with  cones  upon  them; 
Bright  before  it  beat  the  water, 
Beat  the  clear  and  sunny  water, 
Beat  the  shining  Big-Sea- Water^. ,.,  , 

There  the  wrinkled,  old  Nokomis 
Nursed  the  little  Hiawatha, 
Rocked  him  in  his  linden  cradle, 
Bedded  soft  in  moss  and  rushes, 
Safely  bound  with  reindeer  sinews ; 
Stilled  his  fretful  wail  by  saying, 
"Hush!  the  Naked  Bear  will  get  theel'L— - 
Lulled  him  into  slumber,   singing, 
"Ewa-yea!  my  little  owlet! 
Who  is  this,   that  lights  the  wigwam? 
With  his  great  eyes  lights  the  wigwam? 
Ewa-yea!  my  little  owlet!"— 

Many  things  Nokomis  taught  him 
Of  the  stars  that  shine  in  heaven  ; 
Showed  him  Ishkoodah,  the  comet, 


32  THE  SONG    OF  HIAWATHA. 

Ishkoodah,  with  fiery  tresses ; 

Showed  the  Death-Dance  of  the  spirits, 

Warriors  with  their  plumes  and  war-clubs. 

Flaring  far  away  to  northward.. 

In  the  frosty  nights  of  Winter; 
Showed  the  broad,  white  road  in  heaven, 
Pathway  of  the  ghosts,  the  shadows, 
Running  straight  across  the  heavens, 
Crowded  with  the  ghosts,  the  shadows,_ — 

At  the  door  on  summer  evenings 
Sat  the  little  Hiawatha; 
Heard  the  whispering  of  the  pine-trees, 
Heard  the  lapping  of  the  water, 
Sounds  of  music,  words  of  wonder; 
"  Minne-wawa  !  "  said  the  pine-trees, 
"  Mudway-aushka  !  "  said  the  water.  ^^ 

Saw  the  fire-fly,  Wah-wah-taysee, 
Flitting  through  the  dusk  of  evening, 
With  the  twinkle  of  its  candle 
Lighting  up  the  brakes  and  bushes, 
And  he  sang  the  song  of  children, 
Sang  the  song  Nokomis  taught  him: 
"Wah-wah-taysee,  little  fire-fly, 
Little,  flitting,  white-fire  insect,  ^^ 


HIAWATHA'S   CHILDHOOD.  33 

Little,  dancing,  white-fire  creatures 
Light  me  with  your  little  candle, 
Ere  upon  my  bed  I  lay  me, 
Ere  in  sleep  I  close  my  eyelids  ! " 

Saw  the  moon  rise  from  the  water 
Rippling,  rounding  from  the  water, 
Saw  the  flecks  and  shadows  on  it, 
Whispered,  "  What  is  that,  Nokomis  ?  " 
And  the  good  Nokomis  answered:  —        "" 
"  Once  a  warrior,  very  angry, 
Seized  his  grandmother,  and  threw  her 
Up  into  the  sky  at  midnight; 
Right  against  the  moon  he  threw  her; 
'T  is  her  body  that  you  see  there." 

Saw  the  rainbow  in  the  heaven, 
In  the  eastern  sky,  the  rainbow, 
Whispered,  "  What  is  that,  Nokomis  ? " 
And  the  good  Nokomis  answered: 
lt  'T  is  the  heaven  of  flowers  you  see  there ; 
All  the  wild-flowers  of  the  forest, 
All  the  lilies  of  the  prairie, 
When  on  earth  they  fade  and  perish, 
Blossom  in  that  heaven  above  us."— — 

When  he  heard  the  owls  at  midnight, 


34  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

Hooting,  laughing  in  the  forest, 
"What  is  that?"  he  cried  in  terror; 
"What  is  that?"  he  said,  "  Nokomis  ? " 
And  the  good  Nokomis  answered: 
"That  is  but  the  owl  and  owlet, 
Talking  in  their  native  language, 
Talking,  scolding  at  each  other." 

Then  the  little  Hiawatha 
Learned  of  every  bird  its  language, 
Learned  their  names  and  all  their  secrets, 
How  they  built  their  nests  in  Summer, 
Where  they  hid  themselves  in  W7inter, 
Talked  with  them  whene'er  he  met  them, 
Called  them  "Hiawatha's  Chickens.", 

Of  all  beasts  he  learned  the  language, 
Learned  their  names  and  all  their  secrets, 
How  the  beavers  built  their  lodges, 
Where  the  squirrels  hid  their  acorns, 
How  the  reindeer  ran  so  swiftly, 
Why  the  rabbit  was  so  timid, 
Talked  with  them  whene'er  he  met  them, 
Called  them  "Hiawatha's  Brothers." 

Then  lagoo,  the  great  boaster, 
He  the  marvellous  story-teller, 


HIAWATHA'S  CHILDHOOD  35 

He  the  traveller  and  the  talker, 
He   the  friend  of  old  Nokomis, 

Made  a  bow  for  Hiawatha;  ^ 

From  a  branch  of  ash  he  made  it, 
From  an  oak-bough  made  the  arrows, 
Tipped  with  flint,  and  winged  with  feathers, 
And  the  cord  he  made  of  deer-skin.    > 

Then  he  said  to  Hiawatha: 
"  Go,  my  son,  into  the  forest, 
Where  the  red  deer  herd  together, 
Kill  for  us  a  famous  roebuck, 
Kill  for  us  a  deer  with  antlers  !  "_,__ 

Forth  into  the  forest  straightway 
All  alone  walked  Hiawatha 
Proudly,  with  his  bow  and  arrows; 
And  the  birds  sang  round  him,  o'er  him, 

"Do  not  shoot  us,  Hiawatha  !  " 

Sang  the  Opechee,  the  robin, 
Sang  the  blue-bird,  the  Owaissa, 
"Do  not  shoot  us,  Hiawatha!" ^ 

Up  the  oak-tree,  close  beside  him, 
Sprang  the  squirrel,  Adjidaumo, 
In  and  out  among  the  branches, 
Coughed  and  chattered  from  the  oak-tree, 


36  THE  SONG  OF  HIAWATHA. 

Laughed,  and  said  between  his  laughing, 
"  Do  not  shoot  me,  Hiawatha !  " 

And  the  rabbit  from  his  pathway 
Leaped  aside,  and  at  a  distance 
Sat  erect  upon  his  haunches, 
Half  in  fear  and  half  in  frolic, 
Saying  to  the  little  hunter, 
"Do  not  shoot  me,  Hiawatha!" 

But  he  heeded  not,  nor  heard  them, 
For  his  thoughts  were  with  the  red  deer; 
On  their  tracks  his  eyes  were  fastened, 
Leading  downward  to  the  river, 
To  the  ford  across  the  river, 
And  as  one  in  slumber  walked  he.        — 

Hidden  in  the  alder-bushes, 
There  he  waited  till  the  deer  came, 
Till  he  saw  two  antlers  lifted, 
Saw  two  eyes  look  from  the  thicket, 
Saw  two  nostrils  point  to  windward, 
And  a  deer  came  down  the  pathway, 
Flecked  with  leafy  light  and   shadow 
And  his  heart  within  him  fluttered, 
Trembled  like  the  leaves  above  him, 
Like  the  birch-leaf  palpitated, 


HIAWATHA'S   CHILDHOOD.  37 

As  the  deer  came  down  the  pathway. 

Then,  upon  one  knee  uprising, 
Hiawatha  aimed  an  arrow; 
Scarce  a  twig  moved  with  his  motion, 
Scarce  a  leaf  was  stirred  or  rustled, 
But  the  wary  roebuck  started, 
Stamped  with  all  his  hoofs  together, 
Listened  with  one  foot  uplifted, 
Leaped  as  if  to  meet  the  arrow; 
Ah!  the  singing,  fatal  arrow, 
Like  a  wasp  it  buzzed  and  stung  him  !          _ 

Dead  he  lay  there   in  the  forest, 
By  the  ford  across  the  river; 
Beat  his  timid  heart  no  longer, 
But  the  heart  of  Hiawatha 
Throbbed  and  shouted  and  exulted, 
As  he  bore  the  red  deer  homeward, 
And  lagoo  and  Nokomis 
Hailed  his  coming  with  applauses. 

From  the  red  deer's  hide  Nokomis 
Made  a  cloak  for  Hiawatha, 
From  the  red  deer's  flesh  Nokomis 
Made  a  banquet  in  his  honor.     • 
All  the  village  came  and  feasted, 


38  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

All  the  guests  praised  Hiawatha, 
Called  him  Strong-Heart,  Soan-ge-taha ! 
Called  him  Loon-Heart,  Mahn-go-taysee  ! 


HIAWATHA  AND  MUDJEKEEWIS.         39 


IV. 

HIAWATHA   AND    MUDJEKEEWIS. 

OUT  of  childhood  into  manhood 
Now  had  grown  my  Hiawatha, 
Skilled  in  all  the  craft  of  hunters, 
Learned  in  all  the  lore  of  old  men, 
In  all  youthful  sports  and  pastimes, 
In  all  manly  arts  and  labors. 

Swift  of  foot  was  Hiawatha; 
He  could  shoot  an  arrow  from  him, 
And  run  forward  with  such  fleetness, 
That  the  arrow  fell  behind  him  ! 
Strong  of  arm  was  Hiawatha; 
He  could  shoot  ten  arrows  upward, 
Shoot  them  with  such  strength  and  swiftness, 
That  the  tenth  had  left  the  bow-string 
Ere  the  first  to  earth  had  fallen ! 

He  had  mittens,  Minjekahwun, 


40  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

Magic  mittens  made  of  deer-skin; 
When  upon  his  hands  he  wore  them, 
He  could  smite  the  rocks  asunder, 
He  could  grind  them  into  powder. 
He  had   moccasins   enchanted, 
Magic  moccasins    of  deer-skin; 
When  he  bound  them  round  his  ankles, 
When  upon  his  feet  he  tied  them, 
At  each  stride  a  mile  he  measured ! 

Much  he  questioned  old  Nokomis 
Of  his  father  Mudjekeewis; 
Learned  from  her  the  fatal  secret 
Of  the  beauty  of  his  mother, 
Of  the  falsehood  of  his  father; 
And  his  heart  was  hot  within  him, 
Like  a  living  coal  his  heart  was. 

Then  he  said  to  old  Nokomis, 
"  I  will  go  to  Mudjekeewis, 
See  how  fares  it  with  my  father, 
At  the  doorways  of  the  West-Wind, 
At  the  portals  of  the   Sunset  !  " 

From  his  lodge  went  Hiawatha, 
Dressed  for  travel,  armed  for  hunting; 
Dressed  in  deer-skin  shirt  and  leggings, 


HIAWATHA  AND  MUDJEKEEWIS.         41 

Richly  wrought  with  quills  and  wampum; 

On  his  head  his  eagle-feathers, 

Round  his  waist  his  belt  of  wampum, 

In  his  hand  his  bow  of  ash-wood, 

Strung  with  sinews  of  the  reindeer; 

In  his  quiver  oaken  arrows, 

Tipped  with  jasper,  winged  with  feathers  ; 

With  his  mittens,  Minjekahwun, 

With  his  moccasons  enchanted. 

Warning  said  the  old  Nokomis, 
"Go  not  forth,  O  Hiawatha! 
To  the  kingdom  of  the  West-Wind, 
To  the  realms  of  Mudjekeewis, 
Lest  he  harm  you  with  his  magic, 
Lest  he  kill  you  with  his  cunning !  " 

But  the  fearless  Hiawatha 
Heeded  not  her  woman's  warning; 
Forth  he  strode  into  the  forest, 
At  each  stride  a  mile  he  measured; 
Lurid  seemed  the  sky  above  him, 
Lurid  seemed  the  earth  beneath  him, 
Hot  and  close  the  air  around  him, 
Filled  with  smoke  and  fiery  vapors, 
As  of  burning  woods  and  prairies, 


42  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

For  his  heart  was  hot  within  him, 
Like  a  living  coal  his  heart  was. 

So  he  journeyed  westward,  westward, 
Left  the  fleetest  deer  behind  him, 
Left  the  antelope  and  bison; 
Crossed  the  rushing  Esconawbaw, 
Crossed  the  mighty  Mississippi, 
Passed  the  Mountains  of  the  Prairie, 
Passed  the  land  of  Crows  and  Foxes, 
Passed  the  dwellings  of  the  Blackfeet, 
Came  unto  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
To  the  kingdom  of  the  West-Wind, 
Where  upon  the  gusty  summits 
Sat  the  ancient  Mudjekeewis, 
Ruler  of  the  winds  of  heaven. 

Filled  with  awe  was  Hiawatha 
At  the  aspect  of  his  father. 
On  the  air  about  him  wildly 
Tossed  and  streamed  his  cloudy  tresses, 
Gleamed  like  drifting  snow  his  tresses, 
Glared  like  Ishkoodah,  the  comet, 
Like  the  star  with  fiery  tresses. 

Filled  with  joy  was  Mudjekeewis 
When  he  looked  on  Hiawatha, 


HIAWATHA  AND  MUDJEKEEWIS.         43 

Saw  his  youth  rise  up  before  him 
In  the  face  of  Hiawatha, 
Saw  the  beauty  of  Wenonah 
From  the  grave  rise  up  before  him. 

"Welcome!"   said  he,  "Hiawatha, 
To  the  kingdom  of  the  West-Wind! 
Long  have  I  been  waiting  for  you! 
Youth  is  lovely,  age  is  lonely, 
Youth  is  fiery,  age   is  frosty; 
You  bring  back  the  days  departed, 
You  bring  back  my  youth  of  passion, 
And  the  beautiful  Wenonah  !  " 

Many  days  they  talked  together, 
Questioned,  listened,  waited,  answered; 
Much  the  mighty  Mudjekeewis 
Boasted  of  his  ancient  prowess, 
Of  his  perilous  adventures, 
His  indomitable  courage, 
His  invulnerable  body. 

Patiently  sat  Hiawatha, 
Listening  to  his  father's  boasting; 
With  a  smile  he   sat  and  listened, 
Uttered  neither  threat  nor  menace, 
Neither  word  nor  look  betrayed  him, 


44  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

But  his  heart  was  hot  within  him, 
Like  a  living  coal  his  heart  was. 

Then  he  said,  "O  Mudjekeewis, 
Is  there  nothing  that  can  harm  you  ? 
Nothing  that  you  are  afraid  of?" 
And  the  mighty  Mudjekeewis, 
Grand  and  gracious  in  his  boasting, 
Answered,  saying,  "There  is  nothing, 
Nothing  but  the  black  rock  yonder, 
Nothing  but  the  fatal  Wawbeek !  " 

And  he  looked  at  Hiawatha 
With  a  wise  look  and  benignant, 
With  a  countenance  paternal, 
Looked  with  pride  upon  the  beauty 
Of  his  tall  and  graceful  figure, 
Saying,  "O  my  Hiawatha! 
Is  there  anything  can  harm  you? 
Anything  you  are  afraid  of  ?  " 

But  the  wary  Hiawatha 
Paused  awhile,  as  if  uncertain, 
Held  his  peace,  as  if  resolving, 
And  then  answered,  "There  is  nothing, 
Nothing  but  the  bulrush  yonder, 
Nothing  but  the  great  Apukwa ! " 


HIAWATHA  AND  MUDJEKEEU/IS.         45 

And  as  Mudjekeewis,  rising, 
Stretched  his  hand  to  pluck  the  bulrush, 
Hiawatha  cried  in  terror, 
Cried  in  well-dissembled  terror, 
"Kago!  kago  !  do  not  touch  it!" 
"Ah,  kaween!"  said  Mudjekeewis, 
"No  indeed,  I  will  not  touch  it!" 

Then  they  talked  of  other  matters; 
First  of  Hiawatha's  brothers, 
First  of  Wabun,  of  the   East-Wind, 
Of  the  South-Wind,  Shawondasee, 
Of  the  North,  Kabibonokka; 
Then  of  Hiawatha's  mother, 
Of  the  beautiful  Wenonah, 
Of  her  birth  upon  the  meadow, 
Of  her  death,  as  old  Nokomis 
Had  remembered  and  related. 

And  he  cried,  "  O  Mudjekeewis, 
It  was  you  who  killed  Wenonah, 
Took  her  young  life  and  her  beauty, 
Broke  the  Lily  of  the  Prairie, 
Trampled  it  beneath  your  footsteps; 
You  confess  it  !  you  confess  it  !  " 
And  the  mighty  Mudjekeewis 


46  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

Tossed  his  gray  hairs  to  the  West-Wind, 
Bowed  his  hoary  head  in  anguish, 
With  a  silent  nod  assented. 

Then  up  started  Hiawatha, 
And  with  threatening  look  and  gesture 
Laid  his  hand  upon  the  black  rock, 
On  the  fatal  Wawbeek  laid  it, 
With  his  mittens,  "Minjekahwun, 
Rent  the  jutting  crag  asunder, 
Smote  and  crushed  it  into  fragments, 
Hurled  them  madly  at  his  father, 
The  remorseful  Mudjekeewis, 
For  his  heart  was  hot  within  him, 
Like  a  living  coal  his  heart  was. 

But  the  ruler  of  the  West-Wind 
Blew  the  fragments  backward  from  him, 
With  the  breathing  of  his  nostrils, 
With  the  tempest  of  his  anger, 
Jilew  them  back  at  his  assailant; 
Seized  the  bulrush,  the  Apukwa, 
Dragged  it  with   its  roots  and  fibres 
From  the  margin  of  the  meadow, 
From  its  ooze,  the  giant  bulrush; 
Long  and  loud  laughed  Hiawatha  ! 


HIAWATHA  AND  MUDJEKEEW1S.         \~ 

Then  began  the  deadly  conflict, 
Hand   to  hand  among  the  mountains; 
From  his  eyrie  screamed  the  eagle, 
The  Keneu,  the  great  War-Eagle; 
Sat  upon  the  crags  around  them, 
Wheeling  flapped  his  wings  above  them. 

Like  a  tall  tree  in  the  tempest 
Bent  and  lashed  the  giant  bulrush; 
And  in  masses  huge  and  heavy 
Crashing  fell  the  fatal  Wawbeek; 
Till  the  earth  shook  with  the  tumult 
And  confusion  of  the  battle, 
And  the  air  was  full  of  shoutings, 
And  the  thunder  of  the  mountains, 
Starting,  answered,  "Baim-wawa!" 

Back  retreated  Mudjekeewis, 
Rushing  westward  o'er  the  mountains, 
Stumbling  westward  down  the  mountains, 
Three  whole  days  retreated  fight  in-, 
Still  pursued  by  Hiawatha 
To  the  doorways  of  the  West-Wind, 
To  the  portals  of  the  Sunset, 
To  the  earth's  remotest  border, 
Where  into  the  empty  spaces 


48  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

Sinks  the  sun,  as  a  flamingo 
Drops  into  her  nest  at  nightfall, 
In  the  melancholy  marshes. 

"Hold!"  at  length  cried  Mudjekeewis, 
"Hold,  my  son,  my  Hiawatha! 
'T  is  impossible  to  kill  me, 
For  you  cannot  kill  the  immortal. 
I  have  put  you  to  this  trial, 
But  to  know  and  prove  your  courage; 
Now  receive  the  prize  of  valor ! 

"Go  back  to  your  home  and  people, 
Live  among  them,  toil  among  them, 
Cleanse  the  earth  from  all  that  harms  it, 
Clear  the  fishing-grounds  and  rivers, 
Slay  all  monsters  and  magicians, 
All  the  giants,  the  Wendigoes, 
All  the  serpents,  the  Kenabeeks, 
As  I  slew  the   Mishe-Mokwa, 
Slew  the  Great  Bear  of  the  mountains. 

"And  at  last  when    Death  draws  near  you, 
When  the  awful  eyes  of  Pauguk 
Glare  upon  you  in  the  darkness, 
I  will  share  my  kingdom  with  you, 
Ruler  shall  you  be  thenceforward 


HIAWATHA  AND  MUDJEKEEWIS.         49 

Of  the  Northwest-Wind,  Keewaydin, 
Of  the  home-wind,  the  Keewaydin." 

Thus  was  fought  that  famous  battle 
In  the  dreadful  days  of  Shah-shah, 
In  the  days  long  since  departed, 
In  the  kingdom  of  the  West-Wind. 
Still  the  hunter  sees  its  traces 
Scattered  far  o'er  hill  and  valley; 
Sees  the  giant  bulrush  growing 
By  the  ponds  and  water-courses, 
Sees  the  masses  of  the  Wawbeek 
Lying  still   in  every  valley. 

Homeward  now  went  Hiawatha; 
Pleasant  was  the  landscape  round  him, 
Pleasant  was  the  air  above  him, 
For  the  bitterness  of  anger 
Had  departed  wholly  from  him, 
From  his  brain  the  thought  of  vengeance, 
From  his  heart  the  burning  fever. 

Only  once  his  pace  he  slackened, 
Only  once  he  paused  or  halted, 
Paused  to  purchase  heads  of  arrows 
Of  the  ancient  Arrow-maker, 
In  the  land  of  the  Dacotahs, 


50  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

Where  the  Falls  of  Minnehaha 

Flash  and  gleam  among  the  oak-trees, 

Laugh  and  leap  into  the  valley. 

There  the  ancient  Arrow-maker 
Made  his  arrow-heads  of  sandstone, 
Arrow-heads  of  chalcedony, 
Arrow-heads  of  flint  and  jasper, 
Smoothed  and  sharpened  at  the  edges, 
Hard  and  polished,  keen  and  costly. 

With  him  dwelt  his  dark-eyed  daughter, 
Wayward  as  the  Minnehaha, 
With  her  moods  of  shade  and  sunshine, 
Eyes  that  smiled  and  frowned  alternate, 
Feet  as  rapid  as  the  river, 
Tresses  flowing  like  the  water, 
And  as  musical  a  laughter; 
And  he  named  her  from  the  river, 
From  the  water-fall  he  named  her, 
Minnehaha,   Laughing  Water. 

Was  it  then  for  heads  of  arrows, 
Arrow-heads  of  chalcedony, 
Arrow-heads  of  flint  and  jasper, 
That  my  Hiawatha  halted 
In  the  land  of  the  Dacotahs? 


HIAWATHA   AND  MUDJEKEEWIS.         5 

Was  it  not  to  see  the  maiden, 
See  the  face  of  Laughing  Water 
Peeping  from  behind  the  curtain, 
Hear  the  rustling  of  her  garments 
From  behind  the  waving  curtain, 
As  one  sees  the  Minnehaha 
Gleaming,  glancing  through  the  branches, 
As  one  hears  the  Laughing  Water 
From  behind  its  screen  of  branches  ? 

Who  shall  say  what  thoughts  and  visions 
Fill  the  fiery  brains  of  young  men? 
Who  shall  say  what  dreams  of  beauty 
Filled  the  heart  of  Hiawatha? 
All  he  told  to  old  Nokomis, 
When  he  reached  the  lodge  at  sunset, 
Was  the  meeting  with  his  father, 
Was  his  fight  with  Mudjekeewis; 
Not  a  word  he  said  of  arrows, 
Not  a  word  of  Laughing  Water! 


52  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 


V. 

HIAWATHA'S  FASTING. 

You  shall  hear  how  Hiawatha 
Prayed  and  fasted  in  the  forest, 
Not  for  greater  skill  in  hunting, 
Not  for  greater  craft  in  fishing, 
Not  for  triumphs   in  the  battle, 
And  renown  among  the  warriors, 
But  for  profit  of  the  people, 
For  advantage  of  the  nations. 

First  he  built  a  lodge  for  fasting, 
Built  a  wigwam  in  the  forest, 
By  the  shining  Big-Sea-Water, 
In  the  blithe  and  pleasant  Spring-time, 
In  the  Moon  of  Leaves  he  built  it, 
And,  with  dreams  and  visions  many, 
Seven  whole  days  and  nights  he  fasted. 

On  the  first  day  of  his  fasting 


HIAWATHA'S  FASTING.  53 

Through  the  leafy  woods  he  wandered; 
Saw  the  deer  start  from  the  thicket, 
Saw  the  rabbit  in  his  burrow, 
Heard  the  pheasant,  Bena,  drumming, 
Heard  the  squirrel,  Adjidaumo, 
Rattling  in  his  hoard  of  acorns, 
Saw  the  pigeon,  the  Omeme, 
Building  nests  among  the  pine-trees, 
And  in  flocks  the  wild  goose,  Wawa, 
Flying  to  the  fen-lands  northward, 
Whirring,  wailing  far  above  him. 
"  Master  of  Life ! "  he  cried,  desponding, 
"Must  our  lives  depend  on  these  things?" 

On  the  next  day  of  his  fasting 
By  the  river's  brink  he  wandered, 
Through  the  Muskoday,  the  meadow, 
Saw  the  wild  rice,  Mahnomonee, 
Saw  the  blueberry,  Meenahga, 
And  the  strawberry,  Odahmin, 
And  the  gooseberry,  Shahbomin, 
And  the  grape-vine,  the  Bemahgut, 
Trailing  o'er  the  alder-branches, 
Filling  all  the  air  with  fragrance! 
"  Master  of  Life !  "  he  cried,  desponding, 


54  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

"Must  our  lives  depend  on  these  things?" 

On  the  third  day  of  his  fasting 
By  the  lake  he  sat  and  pondered, 
By  the  still,  transparent  water; 
Saw  the  sturgeon,  Nahma,  leaping, 
Scattering  drops  like  beads  of  wampum, 
Saw  the  yellow  perch,  the  Sahwa, 
Like  a  sunbeam  in  the  water, 
Saw  the  pike,  the  Maskenozha, 
And  the  herring,  Okahahwis, 
And  the  Shawgashee,  the  craw-fish  ! 
"  Master  of  Life  ! "  he  cried,  desponding, 
"Must  our  lives  depend  on  these  things?" 

On  the  fourth  day  of  his  fasting 
In  his  lodge  he  lay  exhausted; 
From  his  couch  of  leaves  and  branches 
Gazing  with  half-open  eyelids, 
Full  of  shadowy  dreams  and  visions, 
On  the  dizzy,  swimming  landscape, 
On  the  gleaming  of  the  water, 
On  the  splendor  of  the  sunset. 

And  he  saw  a  youth  approaching, 
Dressed  in  garments  green  and  yellow. 
Coming  through  the  purple  twilight, 


HIAWATHA'S  FASTING.  55 

Through  the  splendor  of  the  sunset; 
Plumes  of  green  bent  o'er  his  forehead, 
And  his  hair  was  soft  and  golden. 

Standing  at  the  open  doorway, 
Long  he  looked  at  Hiawatha, 
Looked  with  pity  and  compassion 
On  his  wasted  form  and  features, 
And,  in  accents  like  the  sighing 
Of  the  South-Wind  in  the  tree-tops, 
Said  he:  —  O  my  Hiawatha! 
All  your  prayers  are  heard  in  heaven, 
For  you  pray  not  like  the  others, 
Not  for  greater  skill  in  hunting, 
Not  for  greater  craft  in  fishing, 
Not  for  triumph  in  the  battle, 
Nor  renown  among  the  warriors, 
But  for  profit  of  the  people, 
For  advantage  of  the  nations. 

"  From  the  Master  of  Life  descending, 
I,  the  friend  of  man,  Mondamin, 
Come  to  warn  you  and  instruct  you, 
How  by  struggle  and  by  labor 
You  shall  gain  what  you  have  prayed  for. 
Rise  up  from  your  bed  of  branches, 


56  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

Rise,  O  youth,  and  wrestle  with  me!" 

Faint  with  famine,  Hiawatha 
Started  from  his  bed  of  branches, 
From  the  twilight  of  his  wigwam 
Forth  into  the  flush  of  sunset 
Came,  and  wrestled  with  Mondamin; 
At  his  touch  he  felt  new  courage 
Throbbing  in  his  brain  and  bosom, 
Felt  new  life  and  hope  and  vigor 
Run  through  every  nerve  and  fibre. 

So  they  wrestled  there  together 
In  the  glory  of  the  sunset, 
And  the  more  they  strove  and  struggled, 
Stronger  still  grew  Hiawatha; 
Till  the  darkness  fell  around  them, 
And  the  heron,  the  Shuh-shuh-gah, 
From  her  haunts  among  the  fen-lands, 
Gave  a  cry  of  lamentation, 
Gave  a  scream  of  pain  and  famine. 
"  'T  is  enough !  "  then  said  Mondamin, 
Smiling  upon   Hiawatha, 
"But  to-morrow  when  the  sun  sets, 
I  will  come  again  to  try  you." 
And  he  vanished,  and  was  seen  not; 


HIAWATHA'S  FASTING.  57 

Whether  sinking  as  the  rain  sinks, 
Whether  rising  as  the  mists  rise, 
Hiawatha  saw  not,   knew  not, 
Only  saw  that  he  had  vanished, 
Leaving  him  alone  and  fainting, 
With  the  misty  lake  below  him, 
And  the  reeling  stars  above  him. 

On  the  morrow  and  the  next  day, 
When  the  sun  through  heaven  descending, 
Like  a  red  and  burning  cinder 
From  the  hearth  of  the  Great  Spirit, 
Fell  into  the  western  waters, 
Came  Mondamin  for  the  trial, 
For  the  strife  with  Hiawatha; 
Came  as  silent  as  the  dew  comes, 
From  the  empty  air  appearing, 
Into  empty  air  returning, 
Taking  shape  when  earth  it  touches, 
But  invisible  to  all  men 
In  its  coming  and  its  going. 

Thrice  they  wrestled  there  together 
In  the  glory  of  the  sunset, 
Till  the  darkness  fell  around  them, 
Till  the  heron,   the  Shuh-shuh-gah, 


58  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

From  her  haunts  among  the  fen-lands, 
Uttered  her  loud  cry  of  famine, 
And  Mondamin  paused  to  listen. 

Tall  and  beautiful  he  stood  there, 
In  his  garments  green  and  yellow; 
To  and  fro  his  plumes  above  him 
Waved  and  nodded  with  his  breathing, 
And  the  sweat  of  the  encounter 
Stood  like  drops  of  dew  upon  him. 

And  he  cried:  —  "O  Hiawatha! 
Bravely  have  you  wrestled  with  me, 
Thrice  have  wrestled  stoutly  with  me, 
And  the  Master  of  Life,  who  sees  us, 
He  will  give  to  you  the  triumph  !  " 

Then  he  smiled,   and  said:  —  "To-morrow 
Is  the  last  day  of  your  conflict, 
Is  the  last  day  of  your  fasting, 
You  will  conquer  and  o'ercome  me; 
Make  a  bed  for  me  to  lie   in, 
Where  the  rain  may  fall  upon  me, 
Where  the  sun  may  come  and  warm  me; 
Strip  these  garments,   green  and  yellow, 
Strip  this  nodding  plumage  from  me, 
Lay  me  in  the  earth,   and  make  it 


HIAWATHA'S  FASTING.  59 

Soft  and  loose  and  light  above  me. 

"Let  no  hand  disturb  my  slumber, 
Let  no  weed  nor  worm  molest  me, 
Let  not  Kahgahgee,  the  raven, 
Come  to  haunt  me  and  molest  me, 
Only  come  yourself  to  watch  me, 
Till  I  wake,   and  start,   and  quicken, 
Till  I  leap  into  the  sunshine." 

And  thus  saying,   he  departed; 
Peacefully  slept  Hiawatha, 
But  he  heard  the  Wawonaissa, 
Heard  the  whippoorwill  complaining, 
Perched  upon  his  lonely  wigwam; 
Heard  the  rushing  Sebowisha, 
Heard  the  rivulet  rippling  near  him, 
Talking  to  the  darksome  forest; 
Heard  the  sighing  of  the  branches, 
As  they  lifted  and  subsided 
At  the  passing  of  the  night-wind, 
Heard  them,   as  one  hears  in  slumber 
Far-off  murmurs,    dreamy  whispers: 
Peacefully  slept  Hiawatha. 

On  the  morrow  came  Nokomis, 
On  the  seventh  day  of  his  fasting, 


60  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

Came  with  food  for  Hiawatha, 
Came  imploring  and  bewailing, 
Lest  his  hunger  should  o'ercome  him, 
Lest  his  fasting  should  be  fatal. 

But  he  tasted  not,   and  touched  not, 
Only  said  to  her:  —  "  Nokomis, 
Wait  until  the  sun  is  setting, 
Till  the  darkness  falls  around  us, 
Till  the  heron,  the  Shuh-shuh-gah, 
Crying  from  the  desolate  marshes, 
Tells  us  that  the  day  is  ended." 

Homeward  weeping  went  Nokomis, 
Sorrowing  for  her  Hiawatha, 
Fearing  lest  his  strength  should  fail  him, 
Lest  his  fasting  should  be  fatal. 
He  meanwhile  sat  weary  waiting 
For  the  coming  of  Mondamin, 
Till  the  shadows,  pointing  eastward, 
Lengthened  over  field  and  forest, 
Till  the  sun  dropped  from  the  heaven, 
Floating  on  the  waters  westward, 
As  a  red  leaf  in  the  Autumn 
Falls  and  floats  upon  the  water, 
Falls  and  sinks  into  its  bosom. 


HIAWATHA'S  FASTING.  61 

And  behold!  the  young  Mondamin, 
With  his  soft  and  shining  tresses, 
With  his  garments  green  and  yellow, 
With  his  long  and  glossy  plumage, 
Stood  and  beckoned  at  the  doorway. 
And  as  one  in  slumber  walking, 
Pale  and  haggard,  but  undaunted, 
From  the  wigwam  Hiawatha 
Came  and  wrestled  with  Mondamin. 

Round  about  him  spun  the  landscape, 
Sky  and  forest  reeled  together, 
And  his  strong  heart  leaped  within  him, 
As  the  sturgeon  leaps  and  struggles 
In  a  net  to  break  its  meshes. 
Like  a  ring  of  fire  around  him 
Blazed  and  flared  the  red  horizon, 
And  a  hundred  suns  seemed  looking 
At  the  combat  of  the  wrestlers. 

Suddenly  upon  the  greensward 
All  alone  stood   Hiawatha, 
Panting  with  his  wild  exertion, 
Palpitating  with  the  struggle; 
And  before  him,  breathless,  lifeless, 
Lay  the  youth,  with  hair  dishevelled, 


62  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

Plumage  torn,  and  garments  tattered, 
Dead  he  lay  there  in  the  sunset. 

And  victorious  Hiawatha 
Made  the  grave  as  he  commanded, 
Stripped  the  garments  from  Mondamin, 
Stripped  his  tattered  plumage  from  him, 
Laid  him  in  the  earth,  and  made  it 
Soft  and  loose  and  light  above  him; 
And  the  heron,  the  Shuh-shuh-gah, 
From  the  melancholy  moorlands, 
Gave  a  cry  of  lamentation, 
Gave  a  cry  of  pain  and  anguish  ! 

Homeward  then  went  Hiawatha 
To  the  lodge  of  old  Nokomis, 
And  the  seven  days  of  his  fasting 
Were  accomplished  and  completed. 
But  the  place  was  not  forgotten 
Where  he  wrestled  with  Mondamin; 
Nor  forgotten  nor  neglected 
Was  the  grave  where  lay  Mondamin, 
Sleeping  in  the  rain  and  sunshine, 
Where  his  scattered  plumes  and  garments 
Faded  in  the  rain  and  sunshine. 

Day  by  day  did  Hiawatha 


HIAWATHA'S  FASTING.  63 

Go  to  wait  and  watch  beside  it; 
Kept  the  dark  mould  soft  above  it, 
Kept  it  clean  from  weeds  and  insects, 
Drove  away,  with  scoffs  and  shoutings, 
Kahgahgee,  the  king  of  ravens. 

Till  at  length  a  small  green  feather 
From  the  earth  shot  slowly  upward, 
Then  another  and  another, 
And  before  the  Summer  ended 
Stood  the  maize  in  all  its  beauty, 
With  its  shining  robes  about  it, 
And  its  long,  soft,  yellow  tresses;.      » 
And  in  rapture  Hiawatha 
Cried  aloud:  —  "It  is  Mondamin  ! 
Yes,  the  friend  of  man,  Mondamin  ! " 

Then  he  called  to  old  Nokomis 
And  lagoo,  the  great  boaster, 
Showed  them  where  the  maize  was  growing, 
Told  them  of  his  wondrous  vision, 
Of  his  wrestling  and  his  triumph, 
Of  this  new  gift  to  the  nations, 
Which  should  be  their  food  for  ever. 

And  still  later,  when  the  Autumn 
Changed  the  long,  green  leaves  to  yellow, 


64  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

And  the  soft  and  juicy  kernels 
Grew  like  wampum  hard  and  yellow, 
Then  the  ripened  ears  he  gathered, 
Stripped  the  withered  husks  from  off  them, 
As  he  once  had  stripped  the  wrestler, 
Gave  the  first  Feast  of  Mondamin, 
And  made  known  unto  the  people 
This  new  gift  of  the  Great  Spirit. 


HIAWATHA'S  FRIENDS.  65 


VI. 

i 

HIAWATHA'S  FRIENDS. 

Two  good  friends  had  Hiawatha, 

Singled  out  from  all  the  others, 

Bound  to  him  in  closest  union, 

And  to  whom  he  gave  the  right  hand 

Of  his  heart,  in  joy  and  sorrow; 

Chibiabos,  the  musician, 

And  the  very  strong  man,  Kwasind. 

Straight  between  them  ran  the  pathway, 
Never  grew  the  grass  upon  it; 
Singing  birds,  that  utter  falsehoods, 
Story-tellers,  mischief-makers, 
Found  no  eager  ear  to  listen, 
Could  not  breed  ill-will  between  them, 
For  they  kept  each  other's  counsel, 
Spake  with  naked  hearts  together, 
Pondering  much  and  much  contriving 


66  THE  SONG  OF  HIAWATHA. 

How  the  tribes  of  men  might  prosper. 

Most  beloved  by   Hiawatha 
Was  the  gentle  Chibiabos, 
He  the  best  of  all  musicians, 
He  the  sweetest  of  all  singers. 
Beautiful  and  childlike  was  he, 
Brave  as  man  is,   soft  as  woman, 
Pliant  as  a  wand  of  willow, 
Stately  as  a  deer  with  antlers. 

When  he  sang,  the  village  listened; 
All  the  warriors  gathered  round  him, 
All  the  women  came  to  hear  him; 
Now  he  stirred  their  souls  to  passion, 
Now  he  melted  them  to  pity. 

From  the  hollow  reeds  he  fashioned 
Flutes  so  musical  and  mellow, 
That  the  brook,   the  Sebowisha, 
Ceased  to  murmur  in  the  woodland, 
That  the  wood-birds  ceased  from  singing, 
And  the  squirrel,   Adjidaumo, 
Ceased  his  chatter  in  the  oak-tree, 
And  the  rabbit,  the  Wabasso, 
Sat  upright  to  look  and  listen. 

Yes,  the  brook,   the  Sebowisha, 


HIAWATHA'S  FRIENDS.  67 

Pausing,   said:  —  "O  Chibiabos, 
Teach  my  waves  to  flow  in  music, 
Softly  as  your  words  in  singing!" 
Yes,  the  blue-bird,   the  Owaissa, 
Envious,   said:  —  "O  Chibiabos, 
Teach  me  tones  as  wild  and  wayward, 
Teach  me  songs  as  full  of  frenzy!  " 

Yes,   the  Opechee,  the  robin, 
Joyous,   said:  —  "O  Chibiabos, 
Teach  me  tones  as  sweet  and  tender, 
Teach  me  songs  as  full  of  gladness!" 
And  the  whippoorwill,  Wawonaissa, 
Sobbing,   said:  —  "O  Chibiabos, 
Teach  me  tones  as  melancholy, 

Teach  me  songs  as  full  of  sadness!" 
All  the  many  sounds  of  nature 

Borrowed  sweetness  from  his  singing; 

All  the  hearts  of  men  were  softened 

By  the  pathos  of  his  music; 

For  he  sang  of  peace  and  freedom, 

Sang  of  beauty,   love,  and  longing; 

Sang  of  death,  and  life  undying 

In  the  Islands  of  the  Blessed, 

In  the  kingdom  of  Ponemah, 


68  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA, 

In  the  land  of  the  Hereafter. 

Very  dear  to  Hiawatha 
Was  the  gentle  Chibiabos, 
He  the  best  of  all  musicians, 
He  the  sweetest  of  all  singers; 
For  his  gentleness  he  loved  him, 
And  the  magic  of  his  singing. 

Dear,   too,  unto  Hiawatha 
Was  the  very  strong  man,    Kwasirid, 
He  the  strongest  of  all  mortals, 
He  the  mightiest  among  many; 
For  his  very  strength  he  loved  him, 
For  his  strength  allied  to  goodness. 

Idle  in  his  youth  was  Kwasind, 
Very  listless,   dull,   and  dreamy, 
Never  played  with  other  children, 
Never  fished  and  never  hunted, 
Not  like  other  children  was  he; 
But  they  saw  that  much  he  fasted, 
Much  his  Manito  entreated, 
Much  besought  his  Guardian  Spirit. 

"Lazy  Kwasind!  "  said  his  mother, 
"  In  my  work  you  never  help  me ! 
In  the  Summer  you  are  roaming 


HIAWATHA'S  FRIENDS.  69 

Idly  in  the  fields  and  forests; 
In  the  Winter  you  are  cowering 
O'er  the  firebrands  in  the  wigwam! 
In  the  coldest  days  of  Winter 
I  must  break  the  ice  for  fishing; 
With  my  nets  you  never  help  me ! 
At  the  door  my  nets  are  hanging, 
Dripping,  freezing  with  the  water; 
Go  and  wring  them,  Yenadizze  ! 
Go  and  dry  them  in  the  sunshine!" 

Slowly,   from  the  ashes,  Kwasind 
Rose,   but  made  no  angry  answer; 
From  the  lodge  went  forth  in  silence, 
Took  the  nets,  that  hung  together, 
Dripping,   freezing  at  the  doorway, 
Like  a  wisp  of  straw  he  wrung  them, 
Like  a  wisp  of  straw  he  broke  them, 
Could  not  wring  them  without  breaking, 
Such  the  strength  was  in  his  fingers. 

"Lazy  Kwasind!  "   said  his  father, 
"In  the  hunt  you  never  help  me; 
Every  bow  you  touch  is  broken, 
Snapped  asunder  every  arrow; 
Yet  come  with  me  to  the  forest, 


70  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

You  shall  bring  the  hunting  homeward." 

Down  a  narrow  pass  they  wandered, 
Where  a  brooklet  led  them  onward, 
Where  the  trail  of  deer  and  bison 
Marked  the  soft  mud  on  the  margin, 
Till  they  found  all  further  passage 
Shut  against  them,   barred  securely 
By  the  trunks  of  trees  uprooted, 
Lying  lengthwise,   lying  crosswise, 
And  forbidding  further  passage. 

"We  must  go  back,"  said  the  old  man, 
"O'er  these  logs  we  cannot  clamber; 
Not  a  woodchuck  could  get  through  them, 
Not  a  squirrel  clamber  o'er  them  !  " 
And  straightway  his  pipe  he  lighted, 
And  sat  down  to  smoke  and  ponder. 
But  before  his  pipe  was  finished, 
Lo  !  the  path  was  cleared  before  him; 
All  the  trunks  had  Kwasind  lifted, 
To  the  right  hand,  to  the  left  hand, 
Shot  the  pine-trees  swift  as  arrows, 
Hurled  the  cedars  light  as  lances. 

"  Lazy  Kwasind  ! "  said  the  young  men, 
As  they  sported  in  the  meadow; 


HIAWATHA'S  FRIENDS.  71 

"Why  stand  idly  looking  at  us, 
Leaning  on  the  rock  behind  you  ? 
Come  and  wrestle  with  the  others, 
Let  us  pitch  the  quoit  together  ! " 

Lazy  Kwasind  made  no  answer, 
To  their  challenge  made  no  answer, 
Only  rose,  and,  slowly  turning, 
Seized  the  huge  rock  in  his  fingers, 
Tore  it  from  its  deep  foundation, 
Poised  it  in  the  air  a  moment, 
Pitched  it  sheer  into  the  river, 
Sheer  into  the  swift  Pauwating, 
Where  it  still  is  seen  in  Summer. 

Once  as  down  that  foaming  river, 
Down  the  rapids  of  Pauwating, 
Kwasind  sailed  with  his  companions, 
In  the  stream  he  saw  a  beaver, 
Saw  Ahmeek,  the  King  of  Beavers, 
Struggling  with  the  rushing  currents, 
Rising,  sinking  in  the  water. 

Without  speaking,  without  pausing, 
Kwasind  leaped  into  the  river, 
Plunged  beneath  the  bubbling  surface, 
Through  the  whirlpools  chased  the  beaver, 


72  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

Followed  him  among  the  islands, 
Stayed  so  long  beneath  the  water, 
That  his  terrified  companions 
Cried :  "  Alas !  good  bye  to  Kwasind ! 
We  shall  never  more  see  Kwasind  ! " 
But  he  reappeared  triumphant, 
And  upon  his  shining  shoulders 
Brought  the  beaver,  dead  and  dripping, 
Brought  the  King  of  all  the  Beavers. 
And  these  two,  as  I  have  told  you, 
Were  the  friends  of  Hiawatha, 
Chibiabos,  the  musician, 
And  the  very  strong  man,   Kwasind. 
Long  they  lived  in  peace  together, 
Spake  with  naked  hearts  together, 
Pondering  much  and  much  contriving 
How  the  tribes  of  men  might  prosper. 


HIAWATHA'S  SAILING.  73 


VII. 

HIAWATHA'S  SAILING. 

"GIVE  me  of  your  bark,   O  Birch-Tree! 
Of  your  yellow  bark,   O  Birch-Tree! 
Growing  by  the  rushing  river, 
Tall  and  stately  in  the  valley! 
I  a  light  canoe  will  build  me, 
Build  a  swift  Cheemaun  for  sailing, 
That  shall  float  upon   the  river, 
Like  a  yellow  leaf  in  Autumn, 
Like  a  yellow  water-lily  ! 

"Lay  aside  your  cloak,  O  Birch-Tree! 
Lay  aside  your  white-skin  wrapper, 
For  the  Summer-time  is  coming, 
And  the  sun  is  warm  in  heaven, 
And  you  need  no  white-skin  wrapper !  " 

Thus  aloud  cried  Hiawatha 
In  the  solitary  forest, 


<4  THE  SONG  OF  HIAWATHA, 

By  the  rushing  Taquamenaw, 
When  the  birds  were  singing  gayly, 
In  the  Moon  of  Leaves  were  singing, 
And  the  sun,   from  sleep  awaking, 
Started  up  and  said,   "Behold  me! 
Geezis,   the  great  Sun,   behold  me!" 
And  the  tree  with  all   its  branches 
Rustled  in  the  breeze  of  morning, 
Saying,   with  a  sigh  of  patience, 
"Take  my  cloak,    O  Hiawatha!" 

With  his  knife  the  tree  he  girdled; 
Just  beneath  its  lowest  branches, 
Just  above  the  roots,   he  cut  it, 
Till  the  sap  came  oozing  outward; 
Down  the  trunk,  from  top  to  bottom, 
Sheer  he  cleft  the  bark  asunder, 
With  a  wooden  wedge  he  raised  it, 
Stripped  it  from  the  trunk  unbroken. 

"Give  me  of  your  boughs,   O  Cedar! 
Of  your  strong  and  pliant  branches, 
My  canoe  to  make  more  steady, 
Make  more  strong  and  firm  beneath  me ! " 

Through  the  summit  of  the  Cedar    ' 
Went  a  sound,    a  cry  of  horror, 


HIAWATHA'S  SAILING.  T5 

Went  a  murmur  of  resistance; 

But  it  whispered,  bending  downward, 

"Take  my  boughs,  O   Hiawatha!" 

Down  he  hewed  the  boughs  of  cedar, 
Shaped  them  straightway  to  a  framework, 
Like  two  bows  he  formed  and  shaped  them, 
Like  two  bended  bows  together. 

"Give  me  of  your  roots,   O  Tamarack! 
Of  your  fibrous  roots,   O  Larch-Tree  I 
My  canoe  to  bind  together, 
So  to  bind  the  ends  together 
That  the  water  may  not  enter, 
That  the  river  may  not  wet  me !  " 

And  the  Larch,   with  all  its  fibres, 
Shivered  in  the  air  of  morning, 
Touched  his  forehead  with  its  tassels, 
Said,   with  one  long  sigh  of  sorrow, 
"  Take  them  all,   O  Hiawatha  !  " 

From  the  earth  he  tore  the  fibres, 
Tore  the  tough  roots  of  the  Larch-Tree, 
Closely  sewed  the  bark  together, 
Bound  it  closely  to  the  framework. 

"  Give  me  of  your  balm,   O  Fir-Tree  ! 
Of  your  balsam  and  your  resin, 


»0  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

So  to  close  the  seams  together 
That  the  water  may  not  enter, 
That  the  river  may  not  wet  me  !  " 

And  the  Fir-Tree,   tall  and  sombre, 
Sobbed  through  all  its  robes  of  darkness, 
Rattled  like  a  shore  with  pebbles, 
Answered  wailing,   answered  weeping, 
"Take  my  balm,   O  Hiawatha!" 

And  he  took  the  tears  of  balsam, 
Took  the  resin  of  the  Fir-Tree, 
Smeared  therewith  each  seam  and  fissure, 
Made  each  crevice  safe  from  water. 

"  Give  me  of  your  quills,  O  Hedgehog ! 
All  your  quills,  O  Kagh,  the  Hedgehog! 
I  will  make  a  necklace  of  them, 
Make  a  girdle  for  my  beauty, 
And  two  stars  to  deck  her  bosom ! " 

From  a  hollow  tree  the  Hedgehog 
With  his  sleepy  eyes  looked  at  him, 
Shot  his  shining  quills,    like  arrows, 
Saying,   with  a  drowsy  murmur, 
Through  the  tangle  of  his  whiskers, 
"Take  my  quills,   O  Hiawatha!" 

From  the  ground  the  quills  he  gathered, 


HIAWATHA'S  SAILING.  77 

All  the  little  shining  arrows, 
Stained  them  red  and  blue  and  yellow, 
With  the  juice  of  roots  and  berries; 
Into  his  canoe  he  wrought  them, 
Round  its  waist  a  shining  girdle, 
Round  its  bows  a  gleaming  necklace, 
On  its  breast  two  stars  resplendent. 

Thus  the  Birch  Canoe  was  builded 
In  the  valley,  by  the  river, 
In  the  bosom  of  the  forest; 
And  the  forest's  life  was  in  it, 
All  its  mystery  and  its  magic, 
All  the  lightness  of  the  birch-tree, 
All  the  toughness  of  the  cedar, 
All  the  larch's  supple  sinews; 
And  it  floated  on  the  river 
Like  a  yellow  leaf  in  Autumn, 
Like  a  yellow  water-lily. 

Paddles  none  had  Hiawatha, 
Paddles  none  he  had  or  needed, 
For  his  thoughts  as  paddles  served  him, 
And  his  wishes  served  to  guide  him; 
Swift  or  slow  at  will  he  glided, 
Veered  to  right  or  left  at  pleasure. 


<0  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

Then  he  called  aloud  to  Kwasind, 
To  his  friend,  the  strong  man,  Kwasind, 
Saying:  "Help  me  clear  this  river 
Of  its  sunken  logs  and  sand-bars." 

Straight  into  the  river  Kwasind 
Plunged  as  if  he  were  an  otter, 
Dived  as  if*  he  were  a  beaver, 
Stood  up  to  his  waist  in  water, 
To  his  arm-pits  in  the  river, 
Swam  and  shouted  in  the  river, 
Tugged  at  sunken  logs  and  branches, 
With  his  hands  he  scooped  the  sand-bars, 
With  his  feet  the  ooze  and  tangle. 

And  thus  sailed  my  Hiawatha 
Down  the  rushing  Taquamenaw, 
Sailed  through  all  its  bends  and  windings, 
Sailed  through  all  its  deeps  and  shallows, 
While  his  friend,  the  strong  man,   Kwasind, 
Swam  the  deeps,   the  shallows  waded. 

Up  and  down  the  river  went  they, 
In  and  out  among  its  islands, 
Cleared  its  bed  of  root  and  sand-bar, 
Dragged  the  dead  trees  from   its  channel, 
Made  its  passage  safe  and  certain, 


HIAWATHA'S  SAILING.  79 

Made  a  pathway  for  the  people, 
From  its  springs  among  the  mountains, 
To  the  waters  of  Pauwating, 
To  the  bay  of  Taquamenaw, 


80  THE  SONG   OF  HI 'AW 'ATM 'A. 


VIII. 

HIAWATHA'S  FISHING. 

FORTH  upon  the  Gitche  Gumee, 
On  the  shining  Big-Sea-Water, 
With  his  fishing-line  of  cedar, 
Of  the  twisted  bark  of  cedar, 
Forth  to  catch  the  sturgeon  Nahma, 
Mishe-Nahma,  King  of  Fishes, 
In  his  birch   canoe  exulting 
All  alone  went   Hiawatha. 

Through  the  clear,   transparent  water 
He  could  see  the   fishes  swimming 
Far  down  in  the    depths  below  him; 
See  the  yellow  perch,  the  Sahwa, 
Like  a  sunbeam  in  the  water, 
See  the  Shawgashee,  the  craw-fish, 
Like  a  spider  on  the  bottom, 
On  the  white  and  sandy  bottom. 


HIAWATHA'S  FISHING.  81 

At  the  stern  sat  Hiawatha, 
With  his  fishing-line  of  cedar; 
In  his  plumes  the  breeze  of  morning 
Played  as  in  the  hemlock  branches; 
On  the  bows,   with  tail  erected, 
Sat  the  squirrel,  Adjidaumo; 
In  his  fur  the  breeze  of  morning 
Played  as  in  the  prairie  grasses. 

On  the  white  sand  of  the  bottom 
Lay  the  monster  Mishe-Nahma, 
Lay  the  sturgeon,  King  of  Fishes; 
Through  his  gills  he  breathed  the  water, 
With  his  fins  he  fanned  and  winnowed, 
With  his  tail  he  swept  the  sand-floor. 

There  he  lay  in  all  his  armor; 
On  each  side  a  shield  to  guard  him, 
Plates  of  bone  upon  his  forehead, 
Down  his  sides  and  back  and  shoulders 
Plates  of  bone  with  spines  projecting! 
Painted  was  he  with  his  war-paints, 
Stripes  of  yellow,  red,  and  azure, 
Spots  of  brown  and  spots  of  sable; 
And  he  lay  there  on  the  bottom, 
Fanning  with  his  fins  of  purple, 


82  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

As  above  him  Hiawatha 

In  his  birch  canoe  came  sailing, 

With  his  fishing-line  of  cedar. 

"Take  my  bait!"  cried  Hiawatha, 
Down  into  the  depths  beneath  him, 

"Take  my  bait,   O   Sturgeon,   Nahma! 
Come  up  from  below  the  water, 
Let  us  see  which  is  the  stronger  ! " 
And  he  dropped  his  line  of  cedar 
Through  the  clear,    transparent  water, 
Waited  vainly  for  an  answer, 
Long  sat  waiting  for  an  answer, 
And  repeating  loud  and  louder, 
"Take  my  bait,   O  King  of  Fishes!" 

Quiet  lay  the  sturgeon,   Nahma, 
Fanning  slowly  in  the  water, 
Looking  up  at  Hiawatha, 
Listening  to  his  call  and  clamor, 
His  unnecessary  tumult, 
Till  he  wearied  of  the  shouting; 
And  he  said  to  the  Kenozha, 
To  the  pike,  the  Maskenozha: 
"Take  the  bait  of  this  rude  fellow, 
Break  the  line  of  Hiawatha!" 


HIAWATHA'S  FISHING.  83 

In  his  fingers  Hiawatha 
Felt  the  loose  line  jerk  and  tighten; 
As  he  drew  it  in,  it  tugged  so 
That  the  birch  canoe  stood  endwise, 
Like  a  birch  log  in  the  water, 
With  the  squirrel,   Adjidaumo, 
Perched  and  frisking  on  the  summit. 

Full  of  scorn  was  Hiawatha 
When  he  saw  the  fish  rise  upward, 
Saw  the  pike,  the  Maskenozha, 
Coming  nearer,  nearer  to  him, 
And  he  shouted  through  the  water: 
"Esa!  esa!   Shame  upon  you! 
You  are  but  the  pike,  Kenozha, 
You  are  not  the  fish  I  wanted, 
You  are  not  the  King  of  Fishes!" 

Reeling  downward  to  the  bottom 
Sank  the  pike  in  great  confusion, 
And  the  mighty  sturgeon,  Nahma, 
Said  to  Ugudwash,  the  sun-fish: 
"Take  the  bait  of  this  great  boaster, 
Break  the  line  of  Hiawatha ! " 

Slowly  upward,  wavering,  gleaming 
Like  a  white  moon  in  the  water, 


84  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

Rose  the  Ugudwash,  the  sun-fish, 
Seized  the  line  of  Hiawatha, 
Swung  with  all  his  weight  upon  it, 
Made  a  whirlpool  in  the  water, 
Whirled  the  birch  canoe  in  circles, 
Round  and  round  in  gurgling  eddies, 
Till  the  circles  in  the  water 
Reached  the  far-off  sandy  beaches, 
Till  the  water-flags  and  rushes 
Nodded  on  the  distant  margins. 

But  when  Hiawatha  saw  him 
Slowly  rising  through  the  water, 
Litting  his  great  disc  of  whiteness, 
Loud  he  shouted  in  derision: 
"  Esa !  esa  !  Shame  upon  you  ! 
You  are  Ugudwash,  the  sun-fish, 
You  are  not  the  fish  I  wanted, 
You  are  not  the  King  of  Fishes  ! " 

Wavering  downward,  white  and  ghastly, 
Sank  the  Ugudwash,    the  sun-fish, 
And  again  the  sturgeon,  Nahma, 
Heard  the  shout  of  Hiawatha, 
Heard  his  challenge  of  defiance, 
The  unnecessary  tumult, 


HIAWATHA'S  FISHING. 

Ringing  far  across  the  water. 

From  the  white  sand  of  the  bottom 
Up  he  rose  with  angry  gesture, 
Quivering  in  each  nerve  and  fibre, 
Clashing  all  his  plates  of  armor, 
Gleaming  bright  with  all  his  war-paint; 
In  his  wrath  he  darted  upward, 
Flashing  leaped  into  the  sunshine, 
Opened  his  great  jaws,  and  swallowed 
Both  canoe  and   Hiawatha. 

Down  into  that  darksome  cavern 
Plunged  the  headlong  Hiawatha, 
As  a  log  on  some  black  river 
Shoots  and  plunges  down  the  rapids, 
Found  himself  in  utter  darkness, 
Groped  about  in  helpless  wonder, 
Till  he  felt  a  great  heart  beating, 
Throbbing  in  that  utter  darkness. 

And  he  smote  it  in  his  anger, 
With  his  fist,   the  heart  of  Nahma, 
Felt  the  mighty  King  of  Fishes 
Shudder  through  each  nerve  and  fibre, 
Heard  the  water  gurgle  round  him 
As  he  leaped  and  staggered  through  it, 


85 


86  THE  SONG   OF  HI  AH/ ATM  A. 

Sick  at  heart,  and  faint  and  weary. 

Crosswise  then  did    Hiawatha 
Drag  his  birch  canoe  for  safety, 
Lest  from  out  the  jaws  of  Nahma, 
In  the  turmoil  and  confusion, 
Forth  he  might  be  hurled  and  perish. 
And  the  squirrel,   Adjidaumo, 
Frisked  and  chattered  very  gayly, 
Toiled  and  tugged  with  Hiawatha 
Till  the  labor  was  completed. 

Then  said  Hiawatha  to  him: 
"O  my  little  friend,   the  squirrel, 
Bravely  have  you  toiled  to  help  me; 
Take  the  thanks  of  Hiawatha, 
And  the  name  which  now  he  gives  you 
For  hereafter  and  for  ever 
Boys  shall  call  you  Adjidaumo, 
Tail-in-air  the  boys  shall  call  you!" 

And  again  the  sturgeon,  Nahma, 
Gasped  and  quivered  in  the  water, 
Then  was  still,  and  drifted  landward 
Till  he  grated  on  the  pebbles, 
Till  the  listening  Hiawatha 
Heard  him  grate  upon  the  margin, 


FISHING. 

Felt  him  strand  upon  the  pebbles, 
Knew  that  Nahma,  King  of  Fishes, 
Lay  there  dead  upon  the  margin. 

Then  he  heard  a  clang  and  flapping, 
As  of  many  wings  assembling, 
Heard  a  screaming  and  confusion, 
As  of  birds  of  prey  contending, 
Saw  a  gleam  of  light  above  him, 
Shining  through  the  ribs  of  Nahma, 
Saw  the  glittering  eyes  of  sea-gulls, 
Of  Kayoshk,   the  sea-gulls,  peering, 
Gazing  at  him  through  the  opening, 
Heard  them  saying  to  each  other, 
"'Tis  our  brother,    Hiawatha!" 

And  he  shouted  from  below  them, 
Cried  exulting  from  the  caverns: 
"O  ye  sea-gulls!  O  my  brothers! 
I  have  slain  the  sturgeon,  Nahma; 
Make  the  rifts  a  little  larger, 
With  your  claws  the  openings  widen, 
Set  me  free  from  this  dark  prison, 
And  henceforward  and  for  ever 
Men  shall  speak  of  your  achievements, 
Calling  you  Kayoshk,  the  sea-gulls, 


88  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

Yes,   Kayoshk,   the  Noble  Scratchers!" 

And  the  wild  and  clamorous  sea-gulls 
Toiled  with  beak  and  claws  together, 
Made  the  rifts  and  openings  wider 
In  the  mighty  ribs  of  Nahma, 
And  from  peril  and  from  prison, 
From  the  body  of  the  sturgeon, 
From  the  peril  of  the  water, 
Was  released  my  Hiawatha. 

He  was  standing  near  his  wigwam, 
On  the  margin  of  the  water, 
And  he  called  to  old  Nokomis, 
Called  and  beckoned  to  Nokomis, 
Pointed  to  the  sturgeon,  Nahma, 
Lying  lifeless  on  the  pebbles, 
With  the  sea-gulls  feeding  on  him. 
"I  have  slain  the  Mishe-Nahma, 
Slain  the  King  of  Fishes!"  said  he; 
"Look!  the  sea-gulls  feed  upon  him, 
Yes,   my  friend  Kayoshk,  the  sea-gulls; 
Drive  them  not  away,  Nokomis, 
They  have  saved  me  from  great  peril 
In  the  body  of  the  sturgeon, 
Wait  until  their  meal  is  ended, 


HIAWATHA'S  FISHING.  89 

Till  their  craws  are  full  with  feasting, 
Till  they  homeward  fly,  at  sunset, 
To  their  nests  among  the  marshes; 
Then  bring  all  your  pots  and  kettles, 
And  make  oil  for  us  in  Winter." 

And  she  waited  till  the  sun  set, 
Till  the  pallid  moon,   the  night-sun, 
Rose  above  the  tranquil  water, 
Till  Kayoshk,   the  sated  sea-gulls, 
From  their  banquet  rose  with  clamor, 
And  across  the  fiery  sunset 
Winged  their  way  to  far-off  islands, 
To  their  nests  among  the  rushes. 

To  his  sleep  went  Hiawatha, 
And  Nokomis  to  her  labor, 
Toiling  patient  in  the  moonlight, 
Till  the  sun  and  moon  changed  places, 
Till  the  sky  was  red  with  sunrise, 
And  Kayoshk }  the  hungry  sea-gulls, 
Came  back  from  the  reedy  islands, 
Clamorous  for  their  morning  banquet. 

Three  whole  days  and  nights  alternate 
Old  Nokomis  and  the  sea-gulls 
Stripped  the  oily  flesh  of  Nahma, 


90  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

Till  the  waves  washed  through  the  rib-bones, 
Till  the  sea-gulls  came  no  longer, 
And  upon  the  sands  lay  nothing 
But  the  skeleton  of  Nahma. 


HIAWATHA  AND    THE  PEARL-FEATHER.     91 


IX. 

HIAWATHA   AND   THE    PEARL-FEATHER. 

ON  the  shores  of  Gitche  Gumee, 
Of  the  shining  Big-Sea-Water 
Stood  Nokomis,   the  old  woman, 
Pointing  with  her  finger  westward, 
O'er  the  water  pointing  westward, 
To  the  purple  clouds  of  sunset. 

Fiercely  the  red  sun  descending 
Burned  his  way  along  the  heavens, 
Set  the  sky  on  fire  behind  him, 
As  war-parties,   when  retreating, 
Burn  the  prairies  on  their  war-trail; 
And  the  moon,    the  night-sun,   eastward, 
Suddenly  starting  from  his  ambush, 
Followed  fast  those  bloody  footprints, 
Followed  in  that  fiery  war-trail, 
With  its  glare  upon  his  features. 


92  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

And  Nokomis,   the  old  woman, 
Pointing  with  her  finger  westward, 
Spake  these  words  to  Hiawatha: 
"Yonder  dwells  the  great  Pearl-Feather, 
Megissogwon,    the  Magician, 
Manito  of  Wealth  and  Wampum, 
Guarded  by  his  fiery  serpents, 
Guarded  by  the  black  pitch-water. 
You  can  see  his  fiery  serpents, 
The  Kenabeek,   the  great  serpents, 
Coiling,   playing  in  the  water; 
You  can  see  the  black  pitch-water 
Stretching  far  away  beyond  them, 
To  the  purple  clouds  of  sunset! 

"  He  it  was  who  slew  my  father, 
By  his  wicked  wiles  and  cunning, 
When  he  from  the  moon  descended, 
When  he  came  on  earth  to  seek  me. 
He,   the  mightiest  of  Magicians, 
Sends  the  fever  from  the  marshes, 
Sends  the  pestilential  vapors, 
Sends  the  poisonous  exhalations, 
Sends  the  white  fog  from  the  fen-lands, 
Sends  disease  and  death  among  us! 


HIAWATHA  AND    THE  PEARL-FEATHER.     93 

"Take  your  bow,   O  Hiawatha, 
Take  your  arrows,   jasper-headed, 
Take  your  war-club,  Puggawaugun, 
And  your  mittens,    Minjekahwun, 
And  your  birch-canoe  for  sailing, 
And  the  oil  of  Mishe-Nahma, 
So  to  smear  its  sides,   that  swiftly 
You  may  pass  the  black  pitch-water  ; 
Slay  this  merciless  magician, 
Save  the  people  from  the  fever 
That  he  breathes  across  the  fen-lands, 
And  avenge  my  father's  murder!" 

Straightway  then  my  Hiawatha 
Armed  himself  with  all  his  war-gear, 
Launched  his  birch-canoe  for  sailing; 
With  his  palm  its  sides  he  patted, 
Said  with  glee:  "Cheemaun,   my  darling, 
O  my  Birch-Canoe !  leap  forward, 
Where  you  see  the  fiery  serpents, 
Where  you  see  the  black  pitch-water!" 

Forward  leaped  Cheemaun  exulting, 
And  the  noble  Hiawatha 
Sang  his  war-song  wild  and  woful, 
And  above  him  the  war-eagle, 


94  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

The  Keneu,   the  great  war-eagle, 
Master  of  all  fowls  with  feathers, 
Screamed  and  hurtled  through  the  heavens, 

Soon  he  reached  the  fiery  serpents, 
The  Kenabeek,   the  great  serpents, 
Lying  huge  upon  the  water, 
Sparkling,   rippling  in  the  water, 
Lying  coiled  across  the  passage, 
With  their  blazing  crests  uplifted, 
Breathing  fiery  fogs  and  vapors, 
So  that  none  could  pass  beyond  them. 

But  the  fearless  Hiawatha 
Cried  aloud,   and  spake  in  this  wise: 
"Let  me  pass  my  way,    Kenabeek, 
Let  me  go  upon  my  journey!" 
And  they  answered,   hissing  fiercely, 
With  their  fiery  breath  made  answer: 
"  Back,  go  back !     O   Shaugodaya  ! 
Back  to  old  Nokomis,   Faint-heart  1  " 

Then  the  angry  Hiawatha 
Raised  his  mighty  bow  of  ash-tree, 
Seized  his  arrows,  jasper-headed, 
Shot  them  fast  among  the  serpents; 
Every  twanging  of  the  bow-string 


HIAWATHA  AND    THE  PEARL-FEATHER.     95 

Was  a  war-cry  and  a  death-cry, 
Every  whizzing  of  an  arrow 
Was  a  death-song  of  Kenabeek. 

Weltering  in  the  bloody  water, 
Dead  lay  all  the  fiery  serpents, 
And  among  them  Hiawatha 
Harmless  sailed,   and  cried  exulting: 
"Onward,   O  Cheemaun,   my  darling  1 
Onward  to  the  black  pitch-water  1  " 

Then  he  took  the  oil  of  Nahma, 
And  the  bows  and  sides  anointed, 
Smeared  them  well  with  oil,   that  swiftly 
He  might  pass  the  black  pitch-water. 

All  night  long  he  sailed  upon  it, 
Sailed  upon  that  sluggish  water, 
Covered  with  its  mould  of  ages, 
Black  with  rotting  water-rushes, 
Rank  with  flags  and  leaves  of  lilies, 
Stagnant,  lifeless,   dreary,  dismal, 
Lighted  by  the  shimmering  moonlight, 
And  by  will-o'-the-wisps  illumined, 
Fires  by  ghosts  of  dead  men  kindled, 
In  their  weary  night  encampments. 

All  the  air  was  white  with  moonlight, 


96  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

All  the  water  black  with  shadow, 
And  around  him  the  Suggema, 
The  mosquitos,   sang  their  war-song, 
And  the  fire-flies,   Wah-wah-taysee, 
Waved  their  torches  to  mislead  him; 
And  the  bull-frog,  the  Dahinda, 
Thrust  his  head  into  the  moonlight, 
Fixed  his  yellow  eyes  upon  him, 
Sobbed  and  sank  beneath  the  surface; 
And  anon  a  thousand  whistles, 
Answered  over  all  the  fen-lands, 
And  the  heron,  the  Shuh-shuh-gah, 
Far  off  on  the  reedy  margin, 
Heralded  the  hero's  coming. 

Westward  thus  fared  Hiawatha, 
Toward  the  realm  of  Megissogwon, 
Toward  the  land  of  the  Pearl-Feather, 
Till  the  level  moon  stared  at  him, 
In  his  face  stared  pale  and  haggard, 
Till  the  sun  was  hot  behind  him, 
Till  it  burned  upon  his  shoulders, 
And  before  him  on  the  upland 
He  could  see  the  Shining  Wigwam 
Of  the  Manito  of  Wampum, 


HIAWATHA  AND    THE  PEARL-FEATHER.     97 

Of  the  mightiest  of  Magicians. 

Then  once  more  Cheemaun  he  patted, 
To  his  birch-canoe  said,   "  Onward  !  " 
And  it  stirred  in  all  its  fibres, 
And  with  one  great  bound  of  triumph 
Leaped  across  the  water-lilies, 
Leaped  through  tangled  flags  and  rushes, 
And  upon  the  beach  beyond  them 
Dry-shod  landed  Hiawatha. 

Straight  he  took  his  bow  of  ash-tree, 
One  end  on  the  sand  he  rested, 
With  his  knee  he  pressed  the  middle, 
Stretched  the  faithful  bow-string  tighter, 
Took  an  arrow,  jasper-headed, 
Shot  it  at  the  Shining  Wigwam, 
Sent  it  singing  as  a  herald, 
As  a  bearer  of  his  message, 
Of  his  challenge  loud  and  lofty: 
"  Come  forth  from  your  lodge,  Pearl-Feather ! 
Hiawatha  waits  your  coming!" 

Straightway  from  the  Shining  Wigwam 
Came  the  mighty  Megissogwon, 
Tall  of  stature,  broad  of  shoulder, 
Dark  and  terrible  in  aspect, 


98  THE  SONG  OF  HIAWATHA. 

Clad  from  head  to  foot  in  wampum, 
Armed  with  all  his  warlike  weapons, 
Painted  like  the  sky  of  morning, 
Streaked  with  crimson,    blue  and  yellow, 
Crested  with  great  eagle-feathers, 
Streaming  upward,  streaming  outward. 

"Well  I  know  you,  Hiawatha!" 
Cried  he  in  a  voice  of  thunder, 
In  a  tone  of  loud  derision. 
"Hasten  back,  O  Shaugodaya! 
Hasten  back  among  the  women, 
Back  to  old  Nokomis,  Faint-heart ! 
I  will  slay  you  as  you  stand  there, 
As  of  old  I  slew  her  father !  " 

But  my  Hiawatha  answered, 
Nothing  daunted,  fearing  nothing: 
"Big  words  do  not  smite  like  war-clubs. 
Boastful  breath  is  not  a  bow-string, 
Taunts  are  not  so  sharp  as  arrows, 
Deeds  are  better  things  than  words  are, 
Actions  mightier  than  boastings  !  " 

Then  began  the  greatest  battle 
That  the  sun  had  ever  looked  on, 
That  the  war-birds  ever  witnessed. 


HIAWATHA  AND    THE  PEARL-FEATHER.     99 

All  a  Summer's  day  it  lasted, 
From  the  sunrise  to  the  sunset; 
For  the  shafts  of  Hiawatha 
Harmless  hit  the  shirt  of  wampum, 
Harmless  fell  the  blows  he  dealt  it 
With  his  mittens,  Minjekahwun, 
Harmless  fell  the  heavy  war-club; 
It  could  dash  the  rocks  asunder, 
But  it  could  not  break  the  meshes 
Of  that   magic  shirt  of  wampum. 

Till  at  sunset  Hiawatha, 
Leaning  on  his  bow  of  ash-tree, 
Wounded,  weary,  and  desponding, 
With  his  mighty  war-club  broken, 
With  his  mittens  torn  and  tattered, 
And  three  useless  arrows  only, 
Paused  to  rest  beneath  a  pine-tree; 
From  whose  branches  trailed  the  mosses, 
And  whose  trunk  was  coated  over 
With  the  Dead-man's  Moccasin-leather, 
With  the  fungus  white  and  yellow. 

Suddenly  from  the  boughs  above  him 
Sang  the  Mama,   the  woodpecker: 
"Aim  your  arrows,   Hiawatha, 


100  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

At  the  head  of  Megissogwon, 
Strike  the  tuft  of  hair  upon  it, 
At  their  roots  the  long  black  tresses; 
There  alone  can  he  be  wounded !  " 

Winged  with  feathers,  tipped  with  jasper, 
Swift  flew  Hiawatha's  arrow, 
Just  as  Megissogwon,  stooping, 
Raised  a  heavy  stone  to  throw  it. 
Full  upon  the  crown  it  struck  him, 
At  the  roots  of  his  long  tresses, 
And  he  reeled  and  staggered  forward, 
Plunging  like  a  wounded  bison, 
Yes,  like  Pezhekee,  the  bison, 
When  the  snow  is  on  the  prairie. 

Swifter  flew  the  second  arrow, 
In  the  pathway  of  the  other, 
Piercing  deeper  than  the  other, 
Wounding  sorer  than  the  other; 
And  the  knees  of  Megissogwon 
Shook  like  windy  reeds  beneath  him. 
Bent  and  trembled  like  the  rushes. 

But  the  third  and  latest  arrow 
Swiftest  flew,  and  wounded  sorest, 
And  the  mighty  Megissogwon 


HIAWATHA  AND    THE  PEARL-FEATHER.     101 

Saw  the  fiery  eyes  of  Pauguk, 

Saw  the  eyes  of  Death  glare  at  him, 

Heard  his  voice  call  in  the  darkness; 

At  the  feet  of  Hiawatha 

Lifeless  lay  the  great  Pearl-Feather, 

Lay  the  mightiest  of  Magicians. 

Then  the  grateful  Hiawatha 
Called  the  Mama,  the  woodpecker, 
From  his  perch  among  the  branches 
Of  the  melancholy  pine-tree, 
And,  in  honor  of  his  service, 
Stained  with  blood  the  tuft  of  feathers 
On  the  little  head  of  Mama; 
Even  to  this  day  he  wears  it, 
Wears  the  tuft  of  crimson  feathers, 
As  a  symbol  of  his  service. 

Then  he  stripped  the  shirt  of  wampum 
From  the  back  of  Megissogwon, 
As  a  trophy  of  the  battle, 
As  a  signal  of  his  conquest. 
On  the  shore  he  left  the  body, 
Half  on  land  and  half  in  water, 
In  the  sand  his  feet  were  buried, 
And  his  face  was  in  the  water. 


102 


THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 


And  above  him,   wheeled  and  clamored 
The  Keneu,  the  great  war-eagle, 
'Sailing  round  in  narrower  circles, 
Hovering  nearer,  nearer,  nearer. 

From  the  wigwam  Hiawatha 
Bore  the  wealth  of  Megissogwon, 
All  his  wealth  of  skins  and  wampum, 
Furs  of  bison  and  of  beaver, 
Furs  of  sable  and  of  ermine, 
Wampum  belts  and  strings  and  pouches, 
Quivers  wrought  with  beads  of  wampum, 
Filled  with  arrows,  silver-headed. 

Homeward  then  he  sailed  exulting, 
Homeward  through  the  black  pitch-water, 
Homeward  through  the  weltering  serpents. 
With  the  trophies  of  the  battle, 
With  a  shout  and  song  of  triumph. 

On  the  shore  stood  old  Nokomis, 
On  the  shore  stood  Chibiabos, 
And  the  very  strong  man,  Kwasind, 
Waiting  for  the  hero's  coming, 
Listening  to  his  song  of  triumph. 
And  the  people  of  the  village 
Welcomed  him  with  songs  and  dances, 


HIAWATHA  AND    THE  PEARL-FEATHER.     103 

Made  a  joyous  feast,  and  shouted : 

"  Honor  be  to  Hiawatha ! 

He  has  slain  the  great  Pearl-Feather, 

Slain  the  mightiest  of  Magicians, 

Him,  who  sent  the  fiery  fever, 

Sent  the  white  fog  from  the  fen-lands, 

Sent  disease  and  death  among  us  !  " 

Ever  dear  to  Hiawatha 
Was  the  memory  of  Mama! 
And  in  token  of  his  friendship, 
As  a  mark  of  his  remembrance, 
He  adorned  and  decked  his  pipe-stem 
With  the  crimson  tuft  of  feathers, 
With  the  blood-red  crest  of  Mama. 
But  the  wealth  of  Megissogwon, 
All  the  trophies  of  the  battle, 
He  divided  with  his  people, 
Shared  it  equally  among  them. 


104  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 


X. 

HIAWATHA'S  WOOING. 

"As  unto  the  bow  the  cord  is, 

So  unto  the  man  is  woman, 

Though  she  bends  him,  she  obeys  him, 

Though  she  draws  him,  yet  she  follows, 

Useless  each  without  the  other ! " 

Thus  the  youthful   Hiawatha 
Said  within  himself  and  pondered, 
Much  perplexed  by  various  feelings, 
Listless,  longing,   hoping,  fearing, 
Dreaming  still  of  Minnehaha, 
Of  the  lovely  Laughing  Water, 
In  the  land  of  the  Dacotahs. 

"  Wed  a  maiden  of  your  people," 
Warning  said  the  old  Nokomis ; 
"Go  not  eastward,  go  not  westward, 
For  a  stranger,  whom  we  know  not ! 


HIAWATHA'S   WOOING.  105 

Like  a  fire  upon  the  hearth-stone 
Is  a  neighbor's  homely  daughter, 
Like  the  starlight  or  the  moonlight 
Is  the  handsomest  of  strangers ! " 

Thus  dissuading   spake  Nokomis, 
And  my  Hiawatha  answered 
Only  this :  "  Dear  old  Nokomis, 
Very  pleasant  is  the  firelight, 
But  I  like  the  starlight  better, 
Better  do  I  like   the  moonlight ! " 

Gravely  then  said  old  Nokomis: 
"  Bring  not  here  an   idle  maiden, 
Bring  not  here  a  useless  woman, 
Hands  unskilful,  feet  unwilling; 
Bring  a  wife  with  nimble  fingers, 
Heart  and  hand  that  move  together, 
Feet  that  run  on  willing  errands  ! " 

Smiling  answered   Hiawatha : 
"In  the  land  of  the  Dacotahs 
Lives  the  Arrow-maker's  daughter, 
Minnehaha,  Laughing  Water, 
Handsomest  of  all  the  women. 
I  will  bring  her  to  your  wigwam, 
She  shall  run  upon  your  errands, 


106  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

Be  your  starlight,  moonlight,  firelight, 
Be  the  sunlight  of  my  people  ! " 

Still  dissuading  said  Nokomis : 
"Bring  not  to  my  lodge  a  stranger 
From  the  land  of  the  Dacotahs ! 
Very  fierce  are  the  Dacotahs, 
Often  is  there  war  between  us, 
There  are  feuds  yet  unforgotten, 
Wounds  that  ache  and  still  may  open ! '; 

Laughing  answered  Hiawatha : 
"For  that  reason,  if  no  other, 
Would  I  wed  the  fair  Dacotah, 
That  our  tribes  might  be  united, 
That  old  feuds  might  be  forgotten, 
And  old  wounds  be  healed  for  ever !  " 

Thus  departed  Hiawatha 
To  the  land  of  the  Dacotahs, 
To  the  land  of  handsome  women ; 
Striding  over  moor  and  meadow, 
Through  interminable  forests, 
Through  uninterrupted  silence. 

With  his  moccasins  of  magic, 
At  each  stride  a  mile  he  measured ; 
Yet  the  way  seemed  long  before  him, 


HIAWATHA'S   WOOING.  107 

And  his  heart  outrun  his  footsteps ; 
And  he  journeyed  without  resting, 
Till  he  heard  the  cataract's  thunder, 
Heard  the  Falls  of  Minnehaha 
Calling  to  him  through  the  silence. 
"  Pleasant  is  the  sound !  "  he  murmured, 
"  Pleasant  is  the  voice  that  calls  me ! " 

On  the  outskirts  of  the  forest, 
'Twixt  the  shadow  and  the  sunshine, 
Herds  of  fallow  deer  were  feeding, 
But  they  saw  not  Hiawatha; 
To  his  bow  he  whispered,   "Fail  not!" 
To  his  arrow  whispered,   "Swerve  not!'' 
Sent  it  singing  on  its  errand, 
To  the  red  heart  of  the  roebuck; 
Threw  the  deer  across  his  shoulder, 
And  sped  forward  without  pausing. 

At  the  doorway  of  his  wigwam 
Sat  the  ancient  Arrow-maker, 
In  the  land  of  the  Dacotahs, 
Making  arrow-heads  of  jasper, 
Arrow-heads  of  chalcedony. 
At  his  side,   in  all  her  beauty, 
Sat  the   lovely  Minnehaha, 


108  THE  SONG   OF  HI 'AW 'ATM 'A. 

Sat  his  daughter,   Laughing  Water, 
Plaiting  mats  of  flags  and  rushes; 
Of  the  past  the  old  man's  thoughts  were> 
And  the  maiden's  of  the  future. 

He  was  thinking,   as  he  sat  there, 
Of  the  days  when  with  such  arrows 
He  had  struck  the  deer  and  bison, 
On  the  Muskoday,  the  meadow; 
Shot  the  wild  goose,  flying  southward, 
On  the  wing,   the  clamorous  Wawa; 
Thinking  of  the  great  war-parties, 
How  they  came  to  buy  his  arrows, 
Could  not  fight  without  his  arrows. 
Ah,  no  more  such  noble  warriors 
Could  be  found  on  earth  as  they  were! 
Now  the  men  were  all  like  women, 
Only  used  their  tongues  for  weapons! 

She  was  thinking  of  a  hunter, 
From  another  tribe  and  country, 
Young  and  tall  and  very  handsome, 
Who  one  morning,    in  the  Spring-time, 
Came  to  buy  her  father's  arrows, 
Sat  and  rested  in  the  wigwam, 
Lingered  long  about  the  doorway, 


HIAWATHA'S  WOOING.  109 

Looking  back  as  he  departed. 

She  had  heard  her  father  praise  him, 

Praise  his  courage  and  his  wisdom; 

Would  he  come  again  for  arrows 

To  the  Falls  of  Minnehaha? 

On  the  mat  her  hands  lay  idle, 

And  her  eyes  were  very  dreamy. 

Through  their  thoughts  they  heard  a  footstep, 
Heard  a  rustling  in  the  branches, 
And  with  glowing  cheek  and  forehead, 
With  the  deer  upon  his  shoulders, 
Suddenly  from  out  the  woodlands 
Hiawatha  stood  before  them. 

Straight  the  ancient  Arrow-maker 
Looked  up  gravely  from  his  labor, 
Laid  aside  the  unfinished  arrow, 
Bade  him  enter  at  the  doorway, 
Saying,   as  he  rose  to  meet  him  : 
"  Hiawatha,  you  are  welcome  !  " 

At  the  feet  of  Laughing  Water 
Hiawatha  laid  his  burden, 
Threw  the  red  deer  from  his  shoulders; 
And  the  maiden  looked  up  at  him, 
Looked  up  from  her  mat  of  rushes, 


110  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

Said  with  gentle  look  and  accent : 
"  You  are  welcome,   Hiawatha  !  " 

Very  spacious  was  the  wigwam, 
Made  of  deer-skin  dressed  and  whitened, 
With  the  Gods  of  the  Dacotahs 
Drawn  and  painted  on   its  curtains, 
And  so  tall  the  doorway,  hardly 
Hiawatha  stooped  to  enter, 
Hardly  touched  his  eagle-feathers 
As  he  entered  at  the  doorway. 

Then  uprose  the  Laughing  Water, 
From  the  ground  fair  Minnehaha, 
Laid  aside  her  mat  unfinished, 
Brought  forth  food  and  set  before  them, 
Water  brought  them  from  the  brooklet, 
Gave  them  food  in  earthen  vessels, 
Gave  them  drink  in  bowls  of  bass-wood: 
Listened  while  the  guest  was  speaking, 
Listened  while  her  father  answered, 
But  not  once  her  lips  she  opened, 
Not  a  single  word  she  uttered. 

Yes,   as  in  a  dream  she  listened 
To  the  words  of  Hiawatha, 
As  he  talked  of  old  Nokomis, 


HIAWATHA'S   WOOING.  Ill 

Who  had  nursed  him  in  his  childhood, 

As  he  told  of  his  companions, 

Chibiabos,   the  musician, 

And  the  very  strong  man,   Kwasind, 

And  of  happiness  and  plenty 

In  the  land  of  the  O  jib  ways, 

In  the  pleasant  land  and  peaceful. 

"After  many  years  of  warfare, 
Many  years  of  strife  and  bloodshed, 
There  is  peace  between  the  Ojibways 
And  the  tribe  of  the  Dacotahs." 
Thus  continued  Hiawatha, 
And  then  added,   speaking  slowly  : 
"That  this  peace  may  last  for  ever, 
And  our  hands  be  clasped  more  closely, 
And  our  hearts  be  more  united, 
Give  me  as  my  wife  this  maiden, 
Minnehaha,   Laughing  Water, 
Loveliest  of  Dacotah  women  ! " 

And  the  ancient  Arrow-maker 
Paused  a  moment  ere  he  answered, 
Smoked  a  little  while  in  silence, 
Looked  at  Hiawatha  proudly, 
Fondly  looked  at  Laughing  Water, 


112  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

And  made  answer  very  gravely: 

"Yes,   if  Minnehaha  wishes; 

Let  your  heart  speak,   Minnehaha  !  " 

And  the  lovely  Laughing  Water 
Seemed  more  lovely,   as  she  stood  there, 
Neither  willing  nor  reluctant, 
As  she  went  to  Hiawatha, 
Softly  took  the  seat  beside  him, 
While  she  said,  and  blushed  to  say  it^ 
"I  will  follow  you,  my  husband!" 

This  was  Hiawatha's  wooing  I 
Thus  it  was  he  won  the  daughter 
Of  the  ancient  Arrow-maker, 
In  the  land  of  the  Dacotahs  ! 

From  the  wigwam  he  departed, 
Leading  with  him  Laughing  Water; 
Hand  in  hand  they  went  together, 
Through  the  woodland  and  the  meadow, 
Left  the  old  man  standing  lonely 
At  the  doorway  of  his  wigwam, 
Heard  the  Falls  of  Minnehaha 
Calling  to  them  from  the  distance, 
Crying  to  them  from  afar  off : 
"Fare  thee  well,  O  Minnehaha  1" 


HIAWATHA'S   U/OOING.  113 

And  the  ancient  Arrow-maker 
Turned  again  unto  his  labor, 
Sat  down  by  his  sunny  doorway, 
Murmuring  to  himself,   and  saying: 
"Thus  it  is  our  daughters  leave  us, 
Those  we  love,   and  those  who  love  us  ! 
Just  when  they  have  learned  to  help  us, 
When  we  are  old  and  lean  upon  them, 
Comes  a  youth  with  flaunting  feathers, 
With  his  flute  of  reeds,   a  stranger 
Wanders  piping  through  the  village, 
Beckons  to  the  fairest  maiden, 
And  she  follows  where  he  leads  her, 
Leaving  all  things  for  the  stranger  1  " 

Pleasant  was  the  journey  homeward, 
Through  interminable  forests, 
Over  meadow,  over  mountain, 
Over  river,  hill,   and  hollow. 
Short  it  seemed  to  Hiawatha, 
Though  they  journeyed  very  slowly, 
Though  his  pace  he  checked  and  slackened 
To  the  steps  of  Laughing  Water. 

Over  wide  and  rushing  rivers 


114  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

In  his  arms  he  bore  the  maiden; 
Light  he  thought  her  as  a  feather, 
As  the  plume  upon  his  head-gear; 
Cleared  the  tangled  pathway  for  her, 
Bent  aside  the  swaying  branches, 
Made  at  night  a  lodge  of  branches, 
And  a  bed  with  boughs  of  hemlock, 
And  a  fire  before  the  doorway 
With  the  dry  cones  of  the  pine-tree. 

All  the  travelling  winds  went  with  them, 
O'er  the  meadow,   through  the  forest; 
All  the  stars  of  night  looked  at  them, 
Watched  with  sleepless  eyes  their  slumber; 
From  his  ambush  in  the  oak-tree 
Peeped  the  squirrel,   Adjidaumo, 
Watched  with  eager  eyes  the  lovers; 
And  the  rabbit,  the  Wabasso, 
Scampered  from  the  path  before  them, 
Peering,  peeping  from  his  burrow, 
Sat  erect  upon  his  haunches, 
Watched  with  curious  eyes  the  lovers. 

Pleasant  was  the  journey  homeward  I 
All  the  birds  sang  loud  and  sweetly 
Songs  of  happiness  and  heart's-ease : 


HIAWATHA'S   WOOING. 


115 


Sang  the  blue-bird,  the  Owaissa: 
"  Happy  are  you,  Hiawatha, 
Having  such  a  wife  to  love  you  1  'J 
Sang  the  Opechee,  the  robin: 
"  Happy  are  you,   Laughing  Water, 
Having  such  a  noble  husband  1" 

From  the  sky  the  sun  benignant 
Looked  upon  them  through  the  branches, 
Saying  to  them,   "O  my  children, 
Love  is  sunshine,   hate  is  shadow, 
Life  is  checkered  shade  and  sunshine, 
Rule  by  love,   O  Hiawatha  !  " 

From  the  sky  the  moon  looked  at  them, 
Filled  the  lodge  with  mystic  splendors, 
Whispered  to  them  :   "  O  my  children, 
Day  is  restless,  night  is  quiet, 
Man  imperious,   woman  feeble ; 
Half  is  mine,    although  I  follow; 
Rule  by  patience,    Laughing  Water!" 

Thus  it  was  they  journeyed  homeward; 
Thus  it  was  that  Hiawatha, 
To  the  lodge  of  old  Nokomis 
Brought  the  moonlight,  starlight,  firelight, 
Brought  the  sunshine  of  his  people, 


116  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

Minnehaha,  Laughing  Water, 
Handsomest  of  all  the  women 
In  the  land  of  the  Dacotahs, 
In  the  land  of  handsome  women, 


HIAWATHA'S    WEDDING-FEAST.        117 


XI. 

HIAWATHA'S  WEDDING-FEAST. 

You  shall  hear  how  Pau-Puk-Keewis, 
How  the  handsome  Yenadizze 
Danced  at  Hiawatha's  wedding; 
How  the  gentle  Chibiabos, 
He  the  sweetest  of  musicians, 
Sang  his  songs  of  love  and  longing; 
How  lagoo,   the  great  boaster, 
He  the  marvellous  story-teller, 
Told  his  tales  of  strange  adventure, 
That  the  feast  might  be  more  joyous, 
That  the  time  might  pass  more  gayly, 
And  the  guests  be  more  contented. 

Sumptuous  was  the  feast  Nokomis 
Made  at  Hiawatha's  wedding; 
All  the  bowls  were  made  of  bass-wood, 
White  and  polished  very  smoothly, 


118  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

All  the  spoons  of  horn  of  bison, 
Black  and  polished  very  smoothly. 

She  had  sent  through  all  the  village 
Messengers  with  wands  of  willow, 
As  a  sign  of  invitation, 
As  a  token  of  the  feasting; 
And  the  wedding  guests  assembled, 
Clad  in  all  their  richest  raiment, 
Robes  of  fur  and  belts  of  wampum, 
Splendid  with  their  paint  and  plumage, 
Beautiful  with  beads  and  tassels. 

First  they  ate  the  sturgeon,  Nahma, 
And  the  pike,  the  Maskenozha, 
Caught  and  cooked  by  old  Nokomis; 
Then  on  pemican  they  feasted, 
Pemican  and  buffalo  marrow, 
Haunch  of  deer  and  hump  of  bison, 
Yellow  cakes  of  the  Mondamin, 
And  the  wild  rice  of  the  river. 

But  the  gracious  Hiawatha, 
And  the  lovely  Laughing  Water, 
And  the  careful  old  Nokomis, 
Tasted  not  the  food  before  them, 
Only  waited  on  the  others, 


HIAWATHA'S   WEDDING-FEAST,        119 

Only  served  their  guests  in  silence. 

And  when  all  the  guests  had  finished, 
Old  Nokomis,   brisk  and  busy, 
From  an  ample  pouch  of  otter, 
Filled  the  red  stone  pipes  for  smoking 
With  tobacco  from  the  South-land, 
Mixed  with  bark  of  the  red  willow, 
And  with  herbs  and  leaves  of  fragrance. 

Then  she  said:   "O  Pau-Puk-Keewis, 
Dance  for  us  your  merry  dances, 
Dance  the  Beggar's  Dance  to  please  us, 
That  the  feast  may  be  more  joyous, 
That  the  time  may  pass  more  gayly, 
And  our  guests  be  more  contented ! " 

Then  the  handsome  Pau-Puk-Keewis, 
He  the  idle  Yenadizze, 
He  the  merry  mischief-maker, 
Whom  the  people  called  the  Storm-Fool, 
Rose  among  the  guests  assembled. 

Skilled  was  he  in  sports  and  pastimes, 
In  the  merry  dance  of  snow-shoes, 
In  the  play  of  quoits  and  ball-play; 
Skilled  was  he  in  games  of  hazard, 
In  all  games  of  skill  and  hazard, 


120  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

Pugasaing,   the  Bowl  and  Counters, 
Kuntassoo,   the  Game  of  Plum-stones. 

Though  the  warriors  called  him  Faint-Heart, 
Called  him  coward,  Shaugodaya, 
Idler,  gambler,  Yenadizze, 
Little  heeded  he  their  jesting, 
Little  cared  he  for  their  insults, 
For  the  women  and  the  maidens 
Loved  the  handsome  Pau-Puk-Keewis. 

He  was  dressed  in  shirt  of  doe-skin, 
White  and  soft,  and  fringed  with  ermine, 
All  inwrought  with  beads  of  wampum; 
He  was  dressed  in  deer-skin  leggings, 
Fringed  with  hedgehog  quills  and  ermine, 
And  in  moccasins  of  buckskin, 
Thick  with  quills  and  beads  embroidered. 
On  his  head  were  plumes  of  swan's  down, 
On  his  heels  were  tails  of  foxes, 
In  one  hand  a  fan  of  feathers, 
And  a  pipe  was  in  the  other. 

Barred  with  streaks  of  red  and  yellow, 
Streaks  of  blue  and  bright  vermilion, 
Shone  the  face  of  Pau-Puk-Keewis. 
From  his  forehead  fell  his  tresses, 


HIAWATHA'S   WEDDING-FEAST.       121 

Smooth,  and  parted  like  a  woman's, 
Shining  bright  with  oil,  and  plaited, 
Hung  with  braids  of  scented  grasses, 
As  among  the  guests  assembled, 
To  the  sound  of  flutes  and  singing, 
To  the  sound  of  drums  and  voices, 
Rose  the  handsome  Pau-Puk-Keewis, 
And  began  his  mystic  dances. 

First  he  danced  a  solemn  measure, 
Very  slow  in  step  and  gesture, 
In  and  out  among  the  pine-trees, 
Through  the  shadows  and  the  sunshine, 
Treading  softly  like  a  panther. 
Then  more  swiftly  and  still  swifter, 
Whirling,  spinning  round  in  circles, 
Leaping  o'er  the  guests  assembled, 
Eddying  round  and  round  the  wigwam, 
Till  the  leaves  went  whirling  with  him, 
Till  the  dust  and  wind  together 
Swept  in  eddies  round  about  him. 

Then  along  the  sandy  margin 
Of  the  lake,  the  Big-Sea-Water, 
On  he  sped  with  frenzied  gestures, 
Stamped  upon  the  sand,  and  tossed  it 


122  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

Wildly  in  the  air  around  him; 
Till  the  wind  became  a  whirlwind, 
Till  the  sand  was  blown  and  sifted 
Like  great  snowdrifts  o'er  the  landscape, 
Heaping  all  the  shores  with  Sand  Dunes, 
Sand  Hills  of  the  Nagow  Wudjoo! 

Thus  the  merry  Pau-Puk-Keewis 
Danced  his  Beggar's  Dance  to  please  them, 
And,  returning,  sat  down  laughing 
There  among  the  guests  assembled, 
Sat  and  fanned  himself  serenely 
With  his  fan  of  turkey-feathers. 

Then  they  said  to  Chibiabos, 
To  the  friend  of  Hiawatha, 
To  the  sweetest  of  all  singers, 
To  the  best  of  all  musicians:  — 
"Sing  to  us,  O  Chibiabos! 
Songs  of  love  and  songs  of  longing, 
That  the  feast  may  be  more  joyous, 
That  the  time  may  pass  more  gayly, 
And  our  guests  be  more  contented  ! " 

And  the  gentle  Chibiabos 
Sang  in  accents  sweet  and  tender, 
Sang  in  tones  of  deep  emotion, 


WEDDING-FEAST.        123 

Songs  of  love  and  songs  of  longing; 
Looking  still  at  Hiawatha, 
Looking  at  fair  Laughing  Water, 
Sang  he  softly,   sang  in  this  wise: 

"  Onaway  !     Awake,   beloved  ! 
Thou  the  wild-flower  of  the  forest ! 
Thou  the  wild-bird  of  the  prairie! 
Thou  with  eyes  so  soft  and  fawn-like  ! 

"If  thou  only  lookest  at  me, 
I  am  happy,  I  am  happy, 
As  the  lilies  of  the  prairie, 
When  they  feel  the  dew  upon  them! 

"Sweet  thy  breath  is  as  the  fragrance 
Of  the  wild-flowers  in  the  morning, 
As  their  fragrance  is  at  evening, 
In  the  Moon  when  leaves  are  falling. 

"Does  not  all  the  blood  within  me 
Leap  to  meet  thee,  leap  to  meet  thee, 
As  the  springs  to  meet  the  sunshine, 
In  the  Moon  when  nights  are  brightest? 

"Onaway!  my  heart  sings  to  thee, 
Sings  with  joy  when  thou  art  near  me, 
As  the  sighing,  singing  branches 
In  the  pleasant  Moon  of  Strawberries! 


124  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

"  When  thou  art  not  pleased,  beloved, 
Then  my  heart  is  sad  and  darkened, 
As  the  shining  river  darkens 
When  the  clouds  drop  shadows  on  it! 

"When  thou  smilest,  my  beloved, 
Then  my  troubled  heart  is  brightened, 
As  in  sunshine  gleam  the  ripples 
That  the  cold  wind  makes  in  rivers. 

"  Smiles  the  earth,   and  smile  the  waters, 
Smile  the  cloudless  skies  above  us, 
But  I  lose  the  way  of  smiling 
When  thou  art  no  longer  near  me! 

"  I  myself,   myself !  behold  me  ! 
Blood  of  my  beating  heart  behold  me! 
O  awake,  awake,  beloved ! 
Onaway!  awake,  beloved!" 

Thus  the  gentle  Chibiabos 
Sang  his  song  of  love  and  longing; 
And  lagoo,  the  great  boaster, 
He  the  marvellous  story-teller, 
He  the  friend  of  old  Nokomis, 
Jealous  of  the  sweet  musician, 
Jealous  of  the  applause  they  gave  him, 
Saw  in  all  the  eyes  around  him, 


HIAWATHA'S   WEDDING-FEAST.        125 

Saw  in  all  their  looks  and  gestures, 
That  the  wedding  guests  assembled 
Longed  to  hear  his  pleasant  stories, 
His  immeasurable  falsehoods. 

Very  boastful  was  lagoo; 
Never  heard  he  an  adventure 
But  himself  had  met  a  greater; 
Never  any  deed  of  daring 
But  himself  had  done  a  bolder; 
Never  any  marvellous  story 
But  himself  could  tell  a  stranger. 

Would  yoir  listen  to  his  boasting, 
Would  you  only  give  him  credence, 
No  one  ever  shot  an  arrow 
Half  so  far  and  high  as  he  had; 
Ever  caught  so  many  fishes, 
Ever  killed  so  many  reindeer, 
Ever  trapped  so  many  beaver ! 

None  could  run  so  fast  as  he  could, 
None  could  dive  so  deep  as  he  could, 
None  could  swim  so  far  as  he  could; 
None  had  made  so  many  journeys, 
None  had  seen  so  many  wonders, 
As  this  wonderful  lagoo, 


126  THE  SONG   OF  HI  A IV AT  HA. 

As  this  marvellous  story-teller ! 

Thus  his  name  became  a  by -word 
And  a  jest  among  the  people; 
And  whene'er  a  boastful  hunter 
Praised  his  own  address  too  highly, 
Or  a  warrior,  home  returning, 
Talked  too  much  of  his  achievements, 
All  his  hearers  cried:  "lagoo! 
Here's  lagoo  come  among  us  ! " 

He  it  was  who  carved  the  cradle 
Of  the  little  Hiawatha, 
Carved  its  framework  out  of  linden, 
Bound  it  strong  with  reindeer  sinews; 
He  it  was  who  taught  him  later 
How  to  make  his  bows  and  arrows, 
How  to  make  the  bows  of  ash-tree, 
And  the  arrows  of  the  oak-tree. 
So  among  the  guests  assembled 
At  my  Hiawatha's  wedding 
Sat  lagoo,  old  and  ugly, 
Sat  the  marvellous  story-teller. 

And  they  said  :  "O  good  lagoo, 
Tell  us  now  a  tale  of  wonder, 
Tell  us  of  some  strange  adventure, 


HIAWATHA'S   WEDDING-FEAST.         127 

That  the  feast  may  be  more  joyous, 
That  the  time  may  pass  more  gayly, 
And  our  guests  be  more  contented!" 

And  lagoo  answered  straightway  : 
"You  shall  hear  a  tale  of  wonder, 
You  shall  hear  the  strange  adventures 
Of  Osseo,  the  Magician, 
From  the  Evening  Star  descended." 


128  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 


XII. 

THE    SON   OF   THE    EVENING   STAR. 

CAN  it  be  the  sun  descending 
O'er  the  level  plain  of  water? 
Or  the  Red  Swan  floating,   flying, 
Wounded  by  the  magic  arrow, 
Staining  all  the  waves  with  crimson, 
With  the  crimson  of  its  life-blood, 
Filling  all  the  air  with  splendor, 
With  the  splendor  of  its  plumage? 

Yes;  it  is  the  sun  descending, 
Sinking  down  into  the  water; 
All  the  sky  is  stained  with  purple, 
All  the  water  flushed  with  crimson! 
No;  it  is  the  Red  Swan  floating, 
Diving  down  beneath  the  water; 
To  the  sky  its  wings  are  lifted, 
With  its  blood  the  waves  are  reddened! 


THE  SON  OF   THE  EVENING  STAR.     129 

Over  it  the  Star  of  Evening 
Melts  and  trembles  through  the  purple, 
Hangs  suspended   in  the  twilight. 
No;  it  is  a  bead  of  wampum 
On  the  robes  of  the  Great  Spirit, 
As  he  passes  through  the  twilight, 
Walks  in  silence  through  the  heavens! 

This  with  joy  beheld  lagoo 
And  he  said  in  haste :   "  Behold  it ! 
See  the  sacred   Star  of  Evening  ! 
You  shall  hear  a  tale  of  wonder, 
Hear  the  story  of  Osseo, 
Son  of  the  Evening  Star,   Osseo  ! 

"Once,  in  days  no  more  remembered, 
Ages  nearer  the  beginning, 
When  the  heavens  were  closer  to  us, 
And  the  Gods  were  more  familiar, 
In  the  North-land  lived  a  hunter, 
With  ten  young  and  comely  daughters, 
Tall  and  lithe  as  wands  of  willow; 
Only  Oweenee,  the  youngest, 
She  the  wilful  and  the  wayward, 
She  the  silent,  dreamy  maiden, 
Was  the  fairest  of  the  sisters. 


130  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

"All  these  women  married  warriors, 
Married  brave  and  haughty  husbands; 
Only  Oweenee,  the  youngest, 
Laughed  and  flouted  all  her  lovers, 
All  her  young  and  handsome  suitors, 
And  then  married  old  Osseo, 
Old  Osseo,  poor  and  ugly, 
Broken  with  age  and  weak  with  coughing, 
Always  coughing  like  a  squirrel. 

"Ah,  but  beautiful  within  him 
Was  the  spirit  of  Osseo, 
From  the  Evening  Star  descended, 
Star  of  Evening,  Star  of  Woman, 
Star  of  tenderness  and  passion  1 
All  its  fire  was  in  his  bosom 
AH  its  beauty  in  his  spirit, 
All  its  mystery  in  his  being, 
All  its  splendor  in  his  language  ! 

"And  her  lovers,  the  rejected, 
Handsome  men  with  belts  of  wampum, 
Handsome  men  with  paint  and  feathers, 
Pointed  at  her  in  derision, 
Followed  her  with  jest  and  laughter. 
But  she  said:  'I  care  not  for  you, 


THE  SON  OF   THE  EVENING  STAR.      131 

Care  not  for  your  belts  of  wampum, 
Care  not  for  your  paint  and  feathers, 
Care  not  for  your  jests  and  laughter; 
I  am  happy  with  Osseo  !  ' 

"Once  to  some  great  feast  invited, 
Through  the  damp  and  dusk  of  evening 
Walked  together  the  ten  sisters, 
Walked  together  with  their  husbands; 
Slowly  followed  old  Osseo, 
With  fair  Oweenee  beside  him; 
All  the  others  chatted  gayly, 
These  two  only  walked  in  silence. 

"At  the  western  sky  Osseo 
Gazed  intent,   as  if  imploring, 
Often  stopped  and  gazed  imploring 
At  the  trembling  Star  of  Evening, 
At  the  tender  Star  of  Woman; 
And  they  heard  him  murmur  softly: 
lAh,  showain  ncmeshin,  Nosa ! 
Pity,  pity  me,  my  father  ! ' 

"  *  Listen  1  '   said  the  eldest  sister, 
*  He  is  praying  to  his  father  ! 
What  a  pity  that  the  old  man 
Does  not  stumble  in  the  pathway, 


132  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

Does  not  break  his  neck  by  falling  !  ' 
And  they  laughed  till  all  the  forest 
Rang  with  their  unseemly  laughter. 

"On  their  pathway  through  the  woodlands 
Lay  an  oak,  by  storms  uprooted, 
Lay  the  great  trunk  of  an  oak-tree, 
Buried  half  in  leaves  and  mosses, 
Mouldering,  crumbling,  huge  and  hollow. 
And  Osseo,  when  he  saw  it, 
Gave  a  shout,  a  cry  of  anguish, 
Leaped  into  its  yawning  cavern, 
At  one  end  went  in  an  old  man, 
Wasted,  wrinkled,  old,  and  ugly; 
From  the  other  came  a  young  man, 
Tall  and  straight  and  strong  and  handsome. 

"Thus  Osseo  was  transfigured, 
Thus  restored  to  youth  and  beauty; 
But,  alas  for  good  Osseo, 
And  for  Oweenee,  the  faithful  ! 
Strangely,  too,  was  she  transfigured. 
Changed  into  a  weak  old  woman, 
With  a  staff  she  tottered  onward, 
Wasted,  wrinkled,  old,  and  ugly  ! 
And  the  sisters  and  their  husbands 


THE  SON  OF  THE  EVENING  STAR.      133 

Laughed  until  the  echoing  forest 
Rang  with  their  unseemly  laughter. 

"But  Osseo  turned  not  from  her, 
Walked  with  slower  step  beside  her, 
Took  her  hand,  as  brown  and  withered 
As  an  oak-leaf  is  in  Winter, 
Called  her  sweetheart,  Nenemoosha, 
Soothed  her  with  soft  words  of  kindness, 
Till  they  reached  the  lodge  of  feasting, 
Till  they  sat  down  in  the  wigwam, 
Sacred  to  the  Star  of  Evening, 
To  the  tender  Star  of  Woman. 

"Wrapt  in  visions,  lost  in  dreaming, 
At  the  banquet  sat  Osseo; 
All  were  merry,  all  were  happy, 
All  were  joyous  but  Osseo. 
Neither  food  nor  drink  he  tasted, 
Neither  did  he  speak  nor  listen, 
But  as  one  bewildered  sat  he, 
Looking  dreamily  and  sadly, 
First  at  Oweenee,  then  upward 
At  the  gleaming  sky  above  them. 

"Then  a  voice  was  heard,  a  whisper, 
Coming  from  the  starry  distance, 


134  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

Coming  from  the  empty  vastness, 
Low,  and  musical,  and  tender; 
And  the  voice  said:   *O  Osseo! 
O  my  son,  my  best  beloved! 
Broken  are  the  spells  that  bound  you, 
All  the  charms  of  the  magicians, 
All  the  magic  powers  of  evil; 
Come  to  me;  ascend,  Osseo! 

'"Taste  the  food  that  stands  before  you 
It  is  blessed  and  enchanted, 
It  has  magic  virtues  in  it, 
It  will  change  you  to  a  spirit. 
All  your  bowls  and  all  your  kettles 
Shall  be  wood  and  clay  no  longer; 
But  the  bowls  be  changed  to  wampum, 
And  the  kettles  shall  be  silver; 
They  shall  shine  like  shells  of  scarlet, 
Like  the  fire  shall  gleam  and  glimmer. 

"'And  the  women  shall  no  longer 
Bear  the  dreary  doom  of  labor, 
But  be  changed  to  birds,  and  glisten 
With  the  beauty  of  the  starlight, 
Painted  with  the  dusky  splendors 
Of  the  skies  and  clouds  of  evening!' 


THE  SON  OF  THE  EVENING  STAR.      135 

'What  Osseo  heard  as  whispers, 
What  as  words  he  comprehended, 
Was  but  music  to  the  others, 
Music  as  of  birds  afar  off, 
Of  the  whippoorwill  afar  off, 
Of  the  lonely  Wawonaissa 
Singing  in  the  darksome  forest. 

"Then  the  lodge  began  to  tremble, 
Straight  began  to  shake  and  tremble, 
And  they  felt  it  rising,  rising, 
Slowly  through  the  air  ascending, 
From  the  darkness  of  the  tree-tops 
Forth  into  the  dewy  starlight, 
Till  it  passed  the  tcpmost  branches; 
And  behold  !  the  wooden  dishes 
All  were  changed  to  shells  of  scarlet! 
And  behold!  the  earthen  kettles 
All  were  changed  to  bowls  of  silver! 
And  the  roof-poles  of  the  wigwam 
Were  as  glittering  rods  of  silver, 
And  the  roof  of  bark  upon  them 
As  the  shining  shards  of  beetles. 

"Then  Osseo  gazed  around  him, 
And  he  saw  the  nine  fair  sisters, 


136  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

All  the  sisters  and  their  husbands, 
Changed  to  birds  of  various  plumage. 
Some  were  jays  and  some  were  magpies, 
Others  thrushes,   others  blackbirds; 
And  they  hopped,  and  sang,  and  twittered, 
Perked  and  fluttered  all  their  feathers, 
Strutted  in  their  shining  plumage, 
And  their  tails  like  fans  unfolded. 

"Only  Oweenee,  the  youngest, 
Was  not  changed,  but  sat  in  silence, 
Wasted,  wrinkled,  old,  and  ugly, 
Looking  sadly  at  the  others; 
Till  Osseo,  gazing  upward, 
Gave  another  cry  of  anguish, 
Such  a  cry  as  he  had  uttered 
By  the  oak-tree  in  the  forest. 

"Then  returned  her  youth  and  beauty, 
And  her  soiled  and  tattered  garments 
Were  transformed  to  robes  of  ermine, 
And  her  staff  became  a  feather, 
Yes,  a  shining  silver  feather! 

"And  again  the  wigwam  trembled, 
Swayed  and  rushed  through  airy  currents, 
Through  transparent  cloud  and  vapor, 


THE  SON  OF   THE  EVENING  STAR.     137 

And  amid  celestial  splendors 

On  the  Evening  Star  alighted, 

As  a  snow-flake  falls  on  snow-flake, 

As  a  leaf  drops  on  a  river, 

As  the  thistle-down  on  water. 

"Forth  with  cheerful  words  of  welcome 
Came  the  father  of  Osseo, 
He  with  radiant  locks  of  silver, 
He  with  eyes  serene  and  tender. 
And  he  said:   'My  son,   Osseo, 
Hang  the  cage  of  birds  you  bring  there, 
Hang  the  cage  with  rods  of  silver, 
And  the  birds  with  glistening  feathers, 
At  the  doorway  of  my  wigwam.' 

"At  the  door  he  hung  the  bird-cage, 
And  they  entered  in  and  gladly 
Listened  to  Osseo's  father, 
Ruler  of  the  Star  of  Evening, 
As  he  said:   *O  my  Osseo! 
I  have  had  compassion  on  you, 
Given  you  back  your  youth  and  beauty, 
Into  birds  of  various  plumage 
Changed  your  sisters  and  their  husbands; 
Changed  them  thus  because  they  mocked  you, 


138  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

In  the  figure  of  the  old  man, 

In  that  aspect  sad  and  wrinkled, 

Could  not  see  your  heart  of  passion, 

Could  not  see  your  youth  immortal; 

Only  Oweenee,   the  faithful, 

Saw  your  naked  heart  and  loved  you. 

"'In  the  lodge  that  glimmers  yonder 
In  the  little  star  that  twinkles 
Through  the  vapors,  on  the  left  hand, 
Lives  the  envious  Evil  Spirit, 
The  Wabeno,  the  magician, 
Who  transformed  you  to  an  old  man. 
Take  heed  lest  his  beams  fall  on  you, 
For  the  rays  he  darts  around  him 
Are  the  power  of  his  enchantment, 
Are  the  arrows  that  he  uses.' 

"Many  years,   in  peace  and  quiet, 
On  the  peaceful   Star  of  Evening 
Dwelt  Osseo  with  his  father; 
Many  years,    in  song  and  flutter, 
At  the  doorway  of  the  wigwam, 
Hung  the  cage   with  rods  of  silver, 
And  fair  Oweenee,   the  faithful, 
Bore  a  son  unto  Osseo, 


THE  SON  OF   THE  E  I/EN  ING  STAR.     139 

With  the  beauty  of  his  mother, 
With  the  courage  his  father. 

"And  the  boy  grew  up  and  prospered, 
And  Osseo,  to  delight  him, 
Made  him  little  bows  and  arrows, 
Opened  the  great  cage  of  silver, 
And  let  loose  his  aunts  ^and  uncles, 
All  those  birds  with  glossy  feathers, 
For  his  little  son  to  shoot  at. 

"Round  and  round  they  wheeled  and 

darted, 

Filled  the  Evening  Star  with  music, 
With  their  songs  of  joy  and  freedom; 

Filled  the  Evening  Star  with  splendor, 
With  the  fluttering  of  their  plumage; 

Till  the  boy,  the  little  hunter, 

Bent  his  bow  and  shot  an  arrow, 

Shot  a  swift  and  fatal  arrow, 

And  a  bird,   with  shining  feathers, 

At  his  feet  fell  wounded  sorely. 
"  But,   O  wondrous  transformation  ! 

'T  was  no  bird  he  saw  before  him, 

'T  was  a  beautiful  young  woman, 

With  the  arrow  in  her  bosom  1 


140  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

"When  her  blood  fell  on  the  planet, 
On  the  sacred  Star  of  Evening, 
Broken  was  the  spell  of  magic, 
Powerless  was  the  strange  enchantment, 
And  the  youth,   the  fearless  bowman, 
Suddenly  felt  himself  descending, 
Held  by  unseen  hands,   but  sinking 
Downward  through  the  empty  spaces, 
Downward  through  the  clouds  and  vapors, 
Till  he  rested  on  an  island, 
On  an  island,  green  and  grassy, 
Yonder  in  the  Big- Sea-Water. 

"After  him  he  saw  descending 
All  the  birds  with  shining  feathers, 
Fluttering,   falling,   wafted  downward, 
Like  the  painted  leaves  of  Autumn; 
And  the  lodge  with  poles  of  silver, 
With  its  roof  like  wings  of  beetles, 
Like  the  shining  shards  of  beetles, 
By  the  winds  of  heaven  uplifted, 
Slowly  sank  upon  the  island, 
Bringing  back  the  good  Osseo, 
Bringing  Oweenee,   the  faithful. 

"Then  the  birds,   again  transfigured, 


THE  SON  OF   THE  EVENING  STAR.     141 

Reassumed  the  shape  of  mortals, 
Took  their  shape,  but  not  their  stature; 
They  remained  as  Little  People, 
Like  the  pigmies,  the  Puk-Wudjies, 
And  on  pleasant  nights  of  Summer, 
When  the  Evening  Star  was  shining, 
Hand  in  hand  they  danced  together 
On  the  island's  craggy  headlands, 
On  the  sand-beach  low  and  level. 

"  Still  their  glittering  lodge  is  seen  there, 
On  the  tranquil  Summer  evenings, 
And  upon  the  shore  the  fisher 
Sometimes  hears  their  happy  voices, 
Sees  them  dancing  in  the  starlight!" 

When  the  story  was  completed, 
When  the  wondrous  tale  was  ended, 
Looking  round  upon  his  listeners, 
Solemnly  lagoo  added: 

"There  are  great  men,  I  have  known  such, 
Whom  their  people  understand  not, 
Whom  they  even  make  a  jest  of, 
Scoff  and  jeer  at  in  derision. 
From  the  story  of  Osseo 
Let  them  learn  the  fate  of  jesters ! " 


142  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

All  the  wedding  guests  delighted 
Listened  to  the  marvellous  story, 
Listened  laughing  and  applauding, 
And  they  whispered  to  each  other: 
"Does  he  mean  himself,  I  wonder? 
And  are  we  the  aunts  and  uncles  ? " 

Then  again  sang  Chibiabos, 
Sang  a  song  of  love  and  longing, 
In  those  accents  sweet  and  tender, 
In  those  tones  of  pensive  sadness, 
Sang  a  maiden's  lamentation 
For  her  lover,  her  Algonquin. 

"When  I  think  of  my  belove'd, 
Ah  me  !  think  of  my  beloved, 
When  my  heart  is  thinking  of  him, 
O  my  sweetheart,  my  Algonquin  ! 

"  Ah  me  !  when  I  parted  from  him, 
Round  my  neck  he  hung  the  wampum. 
As  a  pledge,  the  snow-white  wampum, 
O  my  sweetheart,  my  Algonquin ! 

"  I  will  go  with  you,  he  whispered, 
Ah  me  !  to  your  native  country ; 
Let  me  go  with  you.  he  whispered, 
O  my  sweetheart,  my  Algonquin! 


THE  SON  OF   THE  EVENING  STAR.      143 

"  Far  away,  away,   I  answered, 
Very  far  away,   I  answered, 
Ah  me!  is  my  native  country, 
O  my  sweetheart,   my  Algonquin ! 

"When  I  looked  back  to  behold  him, 
Where  we  parted,   to  behold  him, 
After  me  he  still  was  gazing, 
O  my  sweetheart,   my  Algonquin ! 

"  By  the  tree  he  still  was  standing. 
By  the  fallen  tree  was  standing, 
That  had  dropped  into  the  water, 
O  my  sweetheart,   my  Algonquin  ! 

"When  I  think  of  my  belove'd, 
Ah  me  1  think  of  my  beloved, 
When  my  heart  is  thinking  of  him, 
O  my  sweetheart,  my  Algonquin  1 !f 

Such  was  Hiawatha's  Wedding, 
Such  the  dance  of  Pau-Puk-Keewis, 
Such  the  story  of  lagoo, 
Such  the  songs  of  Chibiabos; 
Thus  the  wedding  banquet  ended, 
And  the  wedding  guests  departed, 
Leaving  Hiawatha  happy 
With  the  night  and  Minnehaha. 


144  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 


XIII. 
BLESSING    THE    CORN-FIELDS. 

SING,   O  Song  of  Hiawatha, 

Of  the  happy  days  that  followed, 

In  the  land  of  the  Ojibways, 

In  the  pleasant  land  and  peaceful  ! 

Sing  the  mysteries  of  Mondamin, 

Sing  the  Blessing  of  the  Corn-fields! 

Buried  was  the  bloody  hatchet, 
Buried  was  the  dreadful  war-club, 
Buried  were  all  warlike  weapons, 
And  the  war-cry  was  forgotten. 
There  was  peace  among  the  nations; 
Unmolested  roved  the  hunters, 
Built  the  birch  canoe  for  sailing, 
Caught  the  fish  in  lake  and  river, 
Shot  the  deer  and  trapped  the  beaver; 
Unmolested  worked  the  women, 


BLESSING    THE   CORN-FIELDS.  145 

Made  their  sugar  from  the  maple, 
Gathered  wild  rice  in  the  meadows, 
Dressed  the  skins  of  deer  and  beaver. 

All  around  the  happy  village 
Stood  the  maize-fields,   green  and  shining, 
Waved  the  green  plumes  of  Mondamin, 
Waved  his  soft  and  sunny  tresses, 
Filling  all  the  land  with  plenty. 
'T  was  the  women  who  in  Spring-time 
Planted  the  broad  fields  and  fruitful, 
Buried  in  the  earth  Mondamin; 
'T  was  the  women  who  in  Autumn 
Stripped  the  yellow  husks  of  harvest, 
Stripped  the  garments  from  Mondamin, 
Even  as  Hiawatha  taught  them. 

Once,   when  all  the  maize  was  planted^ 
Hiawatha,   wise  and  thoughtful, 
Spake  and  said  to  Minnehaha, 
To  his  wife,  the  Laughing  Water: 
"You  shall  bless  to-night  the  corn-fields, 
Draw  a  magic  circle  round  them, 
To  protect  them  from  destruction, 
Blast  of  mildew,   blight  of  insect, 
Wagemin,   the  thief  of  corn-fields, 


146  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

Paimosaid,  who  steals  the  maize-ear! 

"In  the  night,   when  all  is  silence, 
In  the  night,  when  all  is  darkness, 
When  the  Spirit  of   Sleep,  Nepahwin, 
Shuts  the  doors  of  all  the  wigwams, 
So  that  not  an  ear  can  hear  you, 
So  that  not  an  eye  can  see  you, 
Rise  up  from  your  bed  in  silence, 
Lay  aside  your  garments  wholly, 
Walk  around  the  fields  you  planted, 
Round  the  borders  of  the  corn-fields, 
Covered  by  your  tresses  only, 
Robed  with  darkness  as  a  garment. 

"Thus  the  fields  shall  be  more  fruitful. 
And  the  passing  of  your  footsteps 
Draw  a  magic  circle  round  them, 
So  that  neither  blight  nor  mildew, 
Neither  burrowing  worm  nor  insect, 
Shall  pass  o'er  the  magic  circle; 
Not  the  dragon-fly,   Kwo-ne-she, 
Nor  the  spider,   Subbekashe, 
Nor  the  grasshopper,  Pah-puk-keena} 
Nor  the  mighty  caterpillar, 
Way-muk-kwana,  with  the  bear-skin, 


BLESSING   THE  CORN-FIELDS.  14? 

King  of  all  the  caterpillars  !  " 

On  the  tree-tops  near  the  corn-fields 
Sat  the  hungry  crows  and  ravens, 
Kahgahgee,  the  King  of  Ravens, 
With  his  band  of  black  marauders. 
And  they  laughed  at  Hiawatha, 
Till  the  tree-tops  shook  with  laughter, 
With  their  melancholy  laughter 
At  the  words  of  Hiawatha. 
"Hear  him!"  said  they;  "hear  the  wise  man! 
Hear  the  plots  of  Hiawatha!" 

When  the  noiseless  night  descended 
Broad  and  dark  o'er  field  and  forest, 
When  the  mournful  Wawonaissa, 
Sorrowing  sang  among  the  hemlocks, 
And  the  Spirit  of  Sleep,  Nepahwin, 
Shut  the  doors  of  all  the  wigwams, 
From  her  bed  rose  Laughing  Water, 
Laid  aside  her  garments  wholly, 
And  with  darkness  clothed  and  guarded, 
Unashamed  and  unaffrighted, 
Walked  securely  round  the  corn-fields, 
Drew  the  sacred,  magic  circle 
Of  her  footprints  round  the  corn-fields. 


148  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

No  one  but  the  Midnight  only 
Saw  her  beauty  in  the  darkness, 
No  one  but  the  Wawonaissa 
Heard  the  panting  of  her  bosom; 
Guskewau,  the  darkness,  wrapped  her 
Closely  in  his  sacred  mantle, 
So  that  none  might  see  her  beauty, 
So  that  none  might  boast,  "I  saw  her!" 

On  the  morrow,  as  the  day  dawned, 
Kahgahgee,  the  King  of  Ravens, 
Gathered  all  his  black  marauders, 
Crows  and  blackbirds,  jays  and  ravens, 
Clamorous  on  the  dusky  tree-tops, 
And  descended,  fast  and  fearless 
On  the  fields  of  Hiawatha, 
On  the  grave  of  the  Mondamin. 

"We  will  drag  Mondamin,"  said  they. 
"From  the  grave  where  he  is  buried, 
Spite  of  all  the  magic  circles 
Laughing  Water  draws  around  it, 
Spite  of  all  the  sacred  footprints 
Minnehaha  stamps  upon  it  !  " 

But  the  wary  Hiawatha 
Ever  thoughtful,   careful,  watchful, 


BLESSING    THE   CORN-FIELDS.  149 

Had  o'erheard  the  scornful  laughter 
When  they  mocked  him  from  the  tree-tops, 
"  Kaw !  "  he  said,  "  my  friends  the  ravens ! 
Kahgahgee,  my  King  of  Ravens! 
I  will  teach  you  all  a  lesson 
That  shall  not  be  soon  forgotten!" 

He  had  risen  before  the  daybreak, 
He  had  spread  o'er  all  the  corn-fields 
Snares  to  catch  the  black  marauders, 
And  was  lying  now  in  ambush 
In  the  neighboring  grove  of  pine-trees, 
Waiting  for  the  crows  and  blackbirds, 
Waiting  for  the  jays  and  ravens. 

Soon  they  came  with  caw  and  clamor. 
Rush  of  wings  and  cry  of  voices, 
To  their  work  of  devastation, 
Settling  down  upon  the  corn-fields, 
Delving  deep  with  beak  and  talon, 
For  the  body  of  Mondamin. 
And  with  all  their  craft  and  cunning, 
All  their  skill  in  wiles  of  warfare, 
They  perceived  no  danger  near  them, 
Till  their  claws  became  entangled, 
Till  they  found  themselves  imprisoned 


150  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

In  the  snares  of  Hiawatha, 

From  his  place  of  ambush  came  he, 
Striding  terrible  among  them, 
And  so  awful  was  his  aspect 
That  the  bravest  quailed  with  terror. 
Without  mercy  he  destroyed  them 
Right  and  left,  by  tens  and  twenties. 
And  their  wretched,  lifeless  bodies 
Hung  aloft  on  poles  for  scarecrows 
Round  the  consecrated  corn-fields, 
As  a  signal  of  his  vengeance, 
As  a  warning  to  marauders. 

Only  Kahgahgee,  the  leader, 
Kahgahgee,  the  King  of  Ravens, 
He  alone  was  spared  among  them 
As  a  hostage  for  his  people. 
With  his  prisoner-string  he  bound  him? 
Led  him  captive  to  his  wigwam, 
Tied  him  fast  with  cords  of  elm-bark 
To  the  ridge-pole  of  his  wigwam. 

"  Kahgahgee,  my  raven  !  "  said  he, 
"  You  the  leader  of  the  robbers, 
You  the  plotter  of  this  mischief. 
The  contriver  of  this  outrage, 


BLESSING    THE   CORN-FIELDS.  151 

I  will  keep  you,  I  will  hold  you, 
As  a  hostage  for  your  people, 
As  a  pledge  of  good  behavior  !  " 

And  he  left  him,  grim  and  sulky, 
Sitting  in  the  morning  sunshine 
On  the  summit  of  the  wigwam, 
Croaking  fiercely  his  displeasure, 
Flapping  his  great  sable  pinions, 
Vainly  struggling  for  his  freedom, 
Vainly  calling  on  his  people! 

Summer  passed,  and  Shawondasse 
Breathed  his  sighs  o'er  all  the  landscape, 
From  the  South-land  sent  his  ardors, 
Wafted  kisses  warm  and  tender ; 
And  the  maize-field  grew  and  ripened, 
Till  it  stood  in  all  the  splendor 
Of  its  garments  green  and  yellow, 
Of  its  tassels  and  its  plumage, 
And  the  maize-ears  full  and  shining 
Gleamed  from  bursting  sheaths  of  verdure. 

Then  Nokomis,  the  old  woman, 
Spake,  and  said  to  Minnehaha  : 
"'  'T  is  the   Moon  when  leaves  are  falling ; 
All  the  wild-rice  has  been  gathered, 


152  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

And  the  maize  is  ripe  and  ready; 
Let  us  gather  in  the  harvest, 
Let  us  wrestle  with  Mondamin, 
Strip  him  of  his  plumes  and  tassels, 
Of  his  garments  green  and  yellow !  " 

And  the  merry  Laughing  Water 
Went  rejoicing  from  the  wigwam, 
With  Nokomis,  old  and  wrinkled, 
And  they  called  the  women  round  them, 
Called  the  young  men  and  the  maidens, 
To  the  harvest  of  the  corn-fields, 
To  the  husking  of  the  maize-ear. 

On  the  border  of  the  forest, 
Underneath  the  fragrant  pine-trees, 
Sat  the  old  men  and  the  warriors 
Smoking  in  the  pleasant  shadow. 
In  uninterrupted  silence 
Looked  they  at  the  gamesome  labor 
Of  the  young  men  and  the  women  ; 
Listened  to  their  noisy  talking, 
To  their  laughter  and  their  singing, 
Heard  them  chattering  like  the  magpies, 
Heard  them  laughing  like  the  blue-jays, 
Heard  them  singing  like  the  robins. 


BLESSING    THE   CORN-FIELDS.  153 

And  whene'er  some  lucky  maiden 
Found  a  red  ear  in  the  husking, 
Found  a  maize-ear  red  as  blood  is, 
"  Nushka  !  "  cried  they  all  together, 
"  Nushka !  you  shall  have  a  sweetheart, 
You  shall  have  a  handsome  husband  1 " 
"Ugh!"  the  old  men  all  responded 
From  their  seats  beneath  the  pine-trees, 

And  whene'er  a  youth  or  maiden 
Found  a  crooked  ear  in  husking, 
Found  a  maize-ear  in  the  husking 
Blighted,  mildewed,  or  misshapen, 
Then  they  laughed   and  sang  together, 
Crept  and  limped  about  the  corn-fields, 
Mimicked  in   their  gait  and  gestures 
Some  old  man,  bent  almost  double, 
Singing  singly  or  together : 
"  Wagemin,   the  thief  of  corn-fields ! 
Paimosaid,  the  skulking  robber  !  " 

Till  the  corn-fields  rang  with  laughter, 
Till  from  Hiawatha's  wigwam 
Kahgahgee,  the  King  of  Ravens, 
Screamed  and  quivered  in  his  anger, 
And  from  all  the  neighboring  tree-tops 


154  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

Cawed  and  croaked  the  black  marauders. 
"Ugh!"  the  old  men  all  responded, 
From  their  seats  beneath  the  pine-trees! 


PICTURE-WRITING.  155 


XIV. 

PICTURE-WRITING, 

IN  those  days  said  Hiawatha: 

"  Lo !  how  all  things  fade  and  perish ! 

From  the  memory  of  the  old  men 

Fade  away  the  great  traditions, 

The  achievements  of  the  warriors, 

The  adventures  of  the  hunters, 

All  the  wisdom  of  the  Medas, 

All  the  craft  of  the  Wabenos, 

All  the  marvellous  dreams  and  visions 

Of  the  Jossakeeds,  the  Prophets! 

"Great  men  die  and  are  forgotten. 
Wise  men  speak  •,  their  words  of  wisdom 
Perish  in  the  ears  that  hear  them, 
Do  not  reach  the  generations 
That,  as  yet  unborn,  are  waiting 
In  the  great,  mysterious  darkness 


156  THE  SONG  OF  HIAWATHA. 

Of  the  speechless  days  that  shall  be! 

"On  the  grave-posts  of  our  fathers 
Are  no  signs,   no  figures  painted; 
Who  are  in  those  graves  we  know  not, 
Only  know  they  are  our  fathers. 
Of  what  kith  they  are  and  kindred, 
From  what  old,   ancestral  Totem, 
Be  it  Eagle,   Bear,  or  Beaver, 
They  descended,   this  we  know  not, 
Only  know  they  are  our  fathers. 

"  Face  to  face  we  speak  together, 
But  we  cannot  speak  when  absent, 
Cannot  send  our  voices  from  us 
To  the  friends  that  dwell  afar  off; 
Cannot  send  a  secret  message, 
But  the  bearer  learns  our  secret, 
May  pervert  it,   may  betray  it, 
May  reveal  it  unto  others." 

Thus  said  Hiawatha,  walking 
In  the  solitary  forest, 
Pondering,   musing  in  the  forest, 
On  the  welfare  of  his  people. 

From  his  pouch  he  took  his  colors, 
Took  his  paints  of  different  colors, 


PICTURE-WRITING.  157 

On  the  smooth  bark  of  a  birch-tree 
Painted  many  shapes  and  figures, 
Wonderful  and  mystic  figures, 
And  each  figure  had  a  meaning, 
Each  some  word  or  thought  suggested. 

Gitche  Manito  the  Mighty, 
He,  the  Master  of  Life,  was  painted 
As  an  egg,   with  points  projecting 
To  the  four  winds  of  the  heavens. 
Everywhere   is  the  Great  Spirit, 
Was  the  meaning  of  this  symbol. 

Mitche  Manito  the  Mighty, 
He  the  dreadful   Spirit  of  Evil, 
As  a  serpent  was  depicted, 
As  Kenabeek,  the  great  serpent. 
Very  crafty,   very  cunning, 
Is  the  creeping  Spirit  of  Evil, 
Was  the  meaning  of  this  symbol. 

Life  and  Death  he  drew  as  circles, 
Life  was  white,  but  Death  was  darkened; 
Sun  and  moon  and  stars  he  painted, 
Man  and  beast,  and  fish  and  reptile, 
Forests,   mountains,    lakes,   and  rivers. 

For  the  earth  he  drew  a  straight  line, 


158  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

For  the  sky  a  bow  above  it; 
White  the  space  between  for  day-time, 
Filled  with  little  stars  for  night-time,- 
On  the  left  a  point  for  sunrise, 
On  the  right  a  point  for  sunset, 
On  the  top  a  point  for  noontide, 
And  for  rain  and  cloudy  weather 
Waving  lines  descending  from  it. 

Footprints  pointing  towards  a  wigwam 
Were  a  sign  of  invitation, 
Were  a  sign  of  guests  assembling; 
Bloody  hands  with  palms  uplifted 
Were  a  symbol  of  destruction, 
Were  a  hostile  sign  and  symbol. 

All  these  things  did  Hiawatha 
Show  unto  his  wondering  people, 
And  interpreted  their  meaning, 
And  he  said:   "Behold,   your  grave-posts 
Have  no  mark,   no  sign,   nor  symbol 
Go  and  paint  them  all  with  figures; 
Each  one  with  its  household  symbol, 
With  its  own  ancestral  Totem; 
So  that  those  who  follow  after 
May  distinguish  them  and  know  them." 


PICTURE-WRITING.  159 

And  they  painted  on  the  grave-posts 
Of  the  graves  yet  unforgotten, 
Each  his  own  ancestral  Totem, 
Each  the  symbol  of  his  household; 
Figures  of  the  Bear  and  Reindeer, 
Of  the  Turtle,  Crane,  and  Beaver, 
Each  inverted  as  a  token 
That  the  owner  was  departed, 
That  the  chief  who  bore  the  symbol 
Lay  beneath  in  dust  and  ashes. 

And  the  Jossakeeds,  the  Prophets, 
The  Wabenos,  the  Magicians, 
And  the  Medicine-men,  the  Medas, 
Painted  upon  bark  and  deer-skin 
Figures  for  the  songs  they  chanted, 
For  each  song  a  separate  symbol, 
Figures  mystical  and  awful, 
Figures  strange  and  brightly  colored; 
And  each  figure  had  its  meaning, 
Each  some  magic  song  suggested. 

The  Great  Spirit,  the  Creator, 
Flashing  light  through  all  the  heaven; 
The  Great  Serpent,  the  Kenabeek, 
With  his  bloody  crest  erected, 


100  THE  SONG    OF  HIAWATHA. 

Creeping,  looking  into  heaven; 
In  the  sky  the  sun,  that  listens, 
And  the  moon  eclipsed  and  dying; 
Owl  and  eagle,  crane  and  hen-hawk, 
And  the  cormorant,  bird  of  magic; 
Headless  men,  that  walk  the  heavens, 
Bodies  lying  pierced  with  arrows, 
Bloody  hands  of  death  uplifted, 
Flags  on  graves,  and  great  war-captains 
Grasping  both  the  earth  and  heaven! 

Such  as  these  the  shapes  they  painted 
On  the  birch-bark  and  the  deer-skin; 
Songs  of  war  and  songs  of  hunting, 
Songs  of  medicine  and  of  magic, 
All  were  written  in  these  figures, 
For  each  figure  had  its  meaning, 
Each  its  separate  song  recorded. 

Nor  forgotten  was  the  Love- Song, 
The  most  subtle  of  all  medicines, 
The  most  potent  spell  of  magic, 
Dangerous  more  than  war  or  hunting! 
Thus  the  Love-Song  was  recorded, 
Symbol  and  interpretation. 

First  a  human  figure  standing, 


PIC  TURE-  IV Rl  TING. 

Painted  in  the  brightest  scarlet; 
'T  is  the  lover,  the  musician, 
And  the  meaning  is :  "  My  painting 
Makes  me  powerful  over  others." 

Then  the  figure  seated,  singing, 
Playing  on  a  drum  of  magic, 
And  the  interpretation  :   "  Listen ! 
'T  is  my  voice  you  hear,  my  singing!" 

Then  the  same  red  figure  seated 
In  the  shelter  of  a  wigwam, 
And  the  meaning  of  the  symbol: 
"I  will  come  and  sit  beside  you 
In  the  mystery  of  my  passion ! " 

Then  two  figures,  man  and  woman, 
Standing  hand  in  hand  together, 
With  their  hands  so  clasped  together 
That  they  seem  in  one  united, 
And  the  words  thus  represented 
Are:  "I  see  your  heart  within  you, 
And  your  cheeks  are  red  with  blushes  ! 5; 

Next  the  maiden  on  an  island, 
In  the  centre  of  an  island; 
And  the  song  this  shape  suggested 
Was:  "Though  you  were  at  a  distance, 


162  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

Were  upon  some  far-off  island, 
Such  the  spell  I  cast  upon  you, 
Such  the  magic  power  of  passion, 
I  could  straightway  draw  you  to  me  ! " 

Then  the  figure  of  the  maiden 
Sleeping,  and  the  lover  near  her, 
Whispering  to  her  in  her  slumbers, 
Saying:   "Though  you  were  far  from  me 
In  the  land  of  Sleep  and  Silence, 
Still  the  voice  of  love  would  reach  you!': 

And  the  last  of  all  the  figures 
Was  a  heart  within  a  circle, 
Drawn  within  a  magic  circle; 
And  the  image  had  this  meaning: 
"Naked  lies  your  heart  before  me, 
To  your  naked  heart  I  whisper!" 

Thus  it  was  that  Hiawatha, 
In  his  wisdom,  taught  the  people 
All  the  mysteries  of  painting, 
All  the  art  of  Picture -Writing, 
On  the  smooth  bark  of  the  birch-tree, 
On  the  white  skin  of  the  reindeer, 
On  the  grave-posts  of  the  village. 


HIAWATHA'S  LAMENTATION.          163 


XV. 

HIAWATHA'S  LAMENTATION. 

IN  those  days  the  Evil  Spirits, 
All  the  Manitos  of  mischief, 
Fearing  Hiawatha's  wisdom, 
And  his  love  for  Chibiabos, 
Jealous  of  their  faithful  friendship, 
And  their  noble  words  and  actions, 
Made  at  length  a  league  against  them? 
To  molest  them  and  destroy  them. 

Hiawatha,    wise  and  wary, 
Often  said  to   Chibiabos: 
"O  my  brother!   do  not  leave  me, 
Lest  the  Evil    Spirits  harm  you  !  " 
Chibiabos,    young  and  heedless, 
Laughing  shook  his  coal-black  tresses, 
Answered  ever  sweet  and  childlike: 
"  Do  not  fear  for  me,  O  brother ! 


164  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

Harm  and  evil  come  not  near  me ! " 

Once  when  Peboan,   the  Winter, 
Roofed  with  ice  the  Big-Sea-Water, 
When  the  snow-flakes,  whirling  downward,' 
Hissed  among  the  withered  oak-leaves, 
Changed  the  pine-trees  into  wigwams, 
Covered  all  the  earth  with  silence,  — 
Armed  with  arrows,   shod  with  snow-shoes, 
Heeding  not  his  brother's  warning, 
Fearing  not  the  Evil   Spirits, 
Forth  to  hunt  the  deer  with  antlers 
All  alone  went  Chibiabos. 

Right  across  the  Big-Sea-Water 
Sprang  with  speed  the  deer  before  him. 
With  the  wind  and  snow  he  followed, 
O'er  the  treacherous  ice  he  followed, 
Wild  with  all  the  fierce  commotion 
And  the  rapture  of  the  hunting. 
But  beneath,  the  Evil  Spirits 
Lay  in  ambush,  waiting  for  him, 
Broke  the  treacherous  ice  beneath  him, 
Dragged  him  downward  to  the  bottom, 
Buried  in  the  sand  his  body. 
Unktahee,  the  god  of  water, 


LAMENTATION.          165 


He  the  god  of  the  Dacotahs, 
Drowned  him  in  the  deep  abysses 
Of  the  lake  of  Gitche  Gumee. 

From  the  headlands   Hiawatha 
Sent  forth  such  a  wail  of  anguish, 
Such  a  fearful   lamentation, 
That  the  bison  paused  to  listen, 
And  the  wolves  howled  from  the  prairies, 
And  the  thunder  in  the  distance 
Woke  and  answered  "  Baim-wawa  !  " 

Then  his  face  with  black  he  painted, 
With  his  robe  his  head  he  covered, 
In  his  wigwam  sat  lamenting, 
Seven  long  weeks  he  sat  lamenting, 
Uttering  still  this  moan  of  sorrow:  — 

"  He  is  dead,  the  sweet  musician  ! 
He  the  sweetest  of  all  singers  ! 
He  has  gone  from  us  for  ever, 
He  has  moved  a  little  nearer 
To  the  Master  of  all  music, 
To  the  Master  of  all  singing! 
O  my  brother,  Chibiabos!" 

And  the  melancholy  fir-trees 
Waved  their  dark  green  fans  above  him, 


166  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

Waved  their  purple  cones  above  him, 
Sighing  with  him  to  console  him, 
Mingling  with  his  lamentation 
Their  complaining,  their  lamenting. 

Came  the  Spring,  and  all  the  forest 
Looked  in  vain  for  Chibiabos; 
Sighed  the  rivulet,  Sebowisha, 
Sighed  the  rushes  in  the  meadow. 

From  the  tree-tops  sang  the  blue-bird. 
Sang  the  blue-bird,  the  Owaissa: 
"Chibiabos!  Chibiabos! 
He  is  dead,  the  sweet  musician ! " 

From  the  wigwam  sang  the  robin, 
Sang  the  Opechee,  the  robin: 
"  Chibiabos  !  Chibiabos  ! 
He  is  dead,  the  sweetest  singer !  " 

And  at  night  through  all  the  forest 
Went  the  whippoorwill  complaining, 
Wailing  went  the  Wawonaissa: 
"  Chibiabos  !  Chibiabos  ! 
He  is  dead,  the  sweet  musician ! 
He  the  sweetest  of  all  singers!" 

Then  the  medicine-men,  the  Medas, 
The  magicians,  the  Wabenos, 


HIAWATHA'S  LAMENTATION.          167 

And  the  Jossakeeds,  the  prophets, 
Came  to  visit  Hiawatha; 
Built  a  Sacred  Lodge  beside  him, 
To  appease  him,  to  console  him, 
Walked  in  silent,  grave  procession, 
Bearing  each  a  pouch  of  healing, 
Skin  of  beaver,  lynx,  or  otter, 
Filled  with  magic  roots  and  simples, 
Filled  with  very  potent  medicines. 

When  he  heard  their  steps  approaching, 
Hiawatha  ceased  lamenting, 
Called  no  more  on  Chibiabos; 
Naught  he  questioned,   naught  he  answered, 
But  his  mournful  head  uncovered, 
From  his  face  the  mourning  colors 
Washed  he  slowly  and  in   silence, 
Slowly  and  in  silence  followed 
Onward  to  the   Sacred  Wigwam. 

There  a  magic  drink  they  gave  him, 
Made  of  Nahma-wusk,   the  spearmint, 
And  Wabeno-wusk,  the  yarrow, 
Roots  of  power,  and  herbs  of  healing; 
Beat  their  drums,  and  shook  their  rattles; 
Chanted  singly  and  in  chorus, 


168  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

Mystic  songs  like  these,  they  chanted: 

"I  myself,  myself!  behold  me! 
'T  is  the  great  Gray  Eagle  talking; 
Come,  ye  white  crows,  come  and  hear  him ! 
The  loud-speaking  thunder  helps  me; 
All  the  unseen  spirits  help  me; 
I  can  hear  their  voices  calling, 
All  around  the  sky  I  hear  them ! 
I  can  blow  you  strong,  my  brother, 
I  can  heal  you,  Hiawatha!" 

"Hi-au-ha!"  replied  the  chorus, 
"  Way-ha-way  !  "  the  mystic  chorus. 

"Friends  of  mine  are  all  the  serpents! 
Hear  me  shake  my  skin  of  hen-hawk ! 
Mahng,  the  white  loon,  I  can  kill  him; 
I  can  shoot  your  heart  and  kill  it  ! 
I  can  blow  you  strong,  my  brother, 
I  can  heal  you,  Hiawatha!" 

"Hi-au-ha!"  replied  the  chorus, 
"  Way-ha-way  !  "  the  mystic  chorus. 

"  I  myself,  myself  !  the  prophet ! 
When  I  speak  the  wigwam  trembles, 
Shakes  the  Sacred  Lodge  with  terror, 
Hands  unseen  begin  to  shake  it  1 


HIAWATHA'S  LAMENTATION.          169 

When  I  walk,  the  sky  I  tread  on 
Bends  and  makes  a  noise  beneath  me! 
I  can  blow  you  strong,  my  brother! 
Rise  and  speak,  O   Hiawatha!" 

"  Hi-au-ha  !  "  replied  the  chorus, 
"  Way-ha-way  !  "  the  mystic  chorus. 

Then  they  shook  their  medicine-pouches 
O'er  the  head  of  Hiawatha, 
Danced  their  medicine-dance  around  him; 
And  upstarting  wild  and  haggard, 

Like  a  man  from  dreams  awakened, 

He  was  healed  of  all  his  madness. 

As  the  clouds  are  swept  from  heaven, 

Straightway  from  his  brain  departed 

All  his  moody  melancholy; 

As  the  ice  is  swept  from  rivers, 

Straightway  from  his  heart  departed 

All  his  sorrow  and  affliction. 
Then  they  summoned  Chibiabos 

From  his  grave  beneath  the  waters, 

From  the  sands  of  Gitche  Gumee 

Summoned  Hiawatha's  brother. 

And  so  mighty  was  the  magic 

Of  that  cry  and  invocation, 


170  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

That  he  heard  it  as  he  lay  there 
Underneath  the  Big-Sea-Water; 
From  the  sand  he  rose  and  listened, 
Heard  the  music  and  the  singing, 
Came,  obedient  to  the  summons, 
To  the  doorway  of  the  wigwam, 
But  to  enter  they  forbade  him. 

Through  a  chink  a  coal  they  gave  him, 
Through  the  door  a  burning  fire-brand; 
Ruler  in  the  Land  of  Spirits, 
Ruler  o'er  the  dead,  they  made  him, 
Telling  him  a  fire  to  kindle 
For  all  those  that  died  thereafter, 
Camp-fires  for  their  night  encampments 
On  their  solitary  journey 
To  the  kingdom  of  Ponemah, 
To  the  land  of  the  Hereafter. 

From  the  village  of  his  childhood, 
From  the  homes  of  those  who  knew  him, 
Passing  silent  through  the  forest, 
Like  a  smoke-wreath  wafted  sideways, 
Slowly  vanished  Chibiabos  ! 
Where  he  passed,  the  branches  moved  not, 
Where  he  trod,  the  grasses  bent  not, 


HIAWATHA'S  LAMENTATION.          171 

And  the  fallen  leaves  of  last  year 
Made  no  sound  beneath  his  footsteps. 

Four  whole  days  he  journeyed  onward 
Down  the  pathway  of  the  dead  men; 
On  the  dead-man's  strawberry  feasted, 
Crossed  the  melancholy  river, 
On  the  swinging  log  he  crossed  it, 
Came  unto  the  Lake  of  Silver, 
In  the   Stone  Canoe  was  carried 
To  the  Islands  of  the  Blessed, 
To  the  land  of  ghosts  and  shadows. 

On  that   journey,  moving  slowly, 
Many  weary   spirits  saw  he, 
Panting  under  heavy  burdens, 
Laden  with  war-clubs,  bows  and  arrows, 
Robes  of  fur,  and  pots  and  kettles, 
And  with  food  that  friends  had  given 
For  that  solitary  journey. 

"Ah!  why  do  the  living,"  said  they, 
"Lay  such  heavy  burdens  on  us! 
Better  were  it  to  go  naked, 
Better  were  it  to  go  fasting, 
Than  to  bear  such  heavy  burdens 
On  our  long  and  weary  journey!" 


172  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

Forth  then  issued  Hiawatha, 
Wandered  eastward,  wandered  westward, 
Teaching  men  the  use  of  simples 
And  the  antidotes  for  poisons, 
And  the  cure  of  all  diseases. 
Thus  was  first  made  known  to  mortals 
All  the  mystery  of  Medamin, 
All  the  sacred  art  of  healing. 


PAU-PUK-KEEWIS.  173 


XVI. 

PAU-PUK-KEEWIS. 

You  shall  hear  how  Pau-Puk-Keewis 
He,  the  handsome  Yenadizze, 
Whom  the  people  called  the  Storm  Fool, 
Vexed  the  village  with  disturbance; 
You  shall  hear  of  all  his  mischief, 
And  his  flight  from  Hiawatha, 
And  his  wondrous  transmigrations, 
And  the  end  of  his  adventures. 

On  the  shores  of  Gitche  Gumee, 
On  the  dunes  of  Nagow  Wudjoo, 
By  the  shining  Big-Sea  -Water 
Stood  the  lodge  of  Pau-Puk-Keewis. 
It  was  he  who  in  his  frenzy 
Whirled  these  drifting  sands  together, 
On  the  dunes  of  Nagow  Wudjoo, 
When,  among  the  guests  assembled, 


174  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

He  so  merrily  and  madly 

Danced  at  Hiawatha's  wedding, 

Danced  the  Beggar's  Dance  to  please  them. 

Now,  in  search  of  new  adventures, 
From  his  lodge  went  Pau-Puk-Keewis, 
Came  with  speed  into  the  village, 
Found  the  young  men  all  assembled 
In  the  lodge  of  old  lagoo, 
Listening  to  his  monstrous  stories, 
To  his  wonderful  adventures. 

He  was  telling  them  the  story 
Of  Ojeeg,  the  Summer-Maker, 
How  he  made  a  hole  in  heaven, 
How  he  climbed  up  into  heaven, 
And  let  out  the   Summer-weather, 
The  perpetual,  pleasant  Summer; 
How  the  Otter  first  essayed  it; 
How  the  Beaver,  Lynx,  and  Badger 
Tried  in  turn  the  great  achievement, 
From  the  summit  of  the  mountain 
Smote  their  fists  against  the  heavens, 
Smote  against  the  sky  their  foreheads, 
Cracked  the  sky,  but  could  not  break  it; 
How  the  Wolverine,  uprising, 


PAU-PUK-KEEWIS.  175 

Made  him  ready  for  the  encounter, 
Bent  his  knees  down,  like  a  squirrel, 
Drew  his  arms  back,  like  a  cricket. 

"Once  he  leaped,"  said  old  lagoo, 
"Once  he  leaped,  and  lo  1  above  him 
Bent  the  sky,  as  ice  in  rivers 
When  the  waters  rise  beneath  it; 
Twice  he  leaped,  and  lo !  above  him 
Cracked  the  sky,  as  ice  in  rivers 
When  the  freshet  is  at  highest ! 
Thrice  he  leaped,  and  lo!  above  him 
Broke  the  shattered  sky  asunder, 
And  he  disappeared  within  it, 
And  Ojeeg,  the  Fisher  Weasel, 
With  a  bound  went  in  behind  him ! " 

"  Hark  you  !  '•   shouted  Pau-Puk-Keewis 
As  he  entered  at  the  doorway; 
"I  am  tired  of  all  this  talking, 
Tired  of  old  lagoo's  stories, 
Tired  of  Hiawatha's  wisdom. 
Here  is  something  to  amuse  you, 
Better  than  this  endless  talking." 

Then  from  out  his  pouch  of  wolf-skin 
Forth  he  drew,  with  solemn  manner, 


176  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

All  the  game  of  Bowl  and  Counters, 
Pugasaing,  with  thirteen  pieces. 
White  on  one  side  were  they  painted, 
And  vermilion  on  the  other; 
Two  Kenabeeks  or  great  serpents, 
Two  Ininewug  or  wedge-men, 
One  great  war-club,  Puggawaugun, 
And  one  slender  fish,  the  Keego, 
Four  round  pieces,  Ozawabeeks, 
And  three  Sheshebwug  or  ducklings. 
All  were  made  of  bone  and  painted, 
All  except  the  Ozawabeeks; 
These  were  brass,  on  one  side  burnished, 
And  were  black  upon  the  other. 

In  a  wooden  bowl  he  placed  them, 
Shook  and  jostled  them  together, 
Threw  them  on  the  ground  before  him, 
Thus  exclaiming  and  explaining: 
"Red  side  up  are  all  the  pieces, 
And  one  great  Kenabeek  standing 
On  the  bright  side  of  a  brass  piece, 
On  a  burnished  Ozawabeek; 
Thirteen  tens  and  eight  are  counted." 

Then  again  he  shook  the  pieces, 


PAU-PUK-KEEWIS.  177 

Shook  and  jostled  them  together, 
Threw  them  on  the  ground  before  him, 
Still  exclaiming  and  explaining: 
"White  are  both  the  great  Kenabeeks, 
White  the   Ininewug,  the  wedge-men, 
Red  are  all  the  other  pieces; 
Five  tens  and  an  eight  are  counted." 

Thus  he  taught  the  game  of  hazard, 
Thus  displayed  it  and  explained  it, 
Running  through  its  various  chances, 
Various  changes,  various  meanings: 
Twenty  curious  eyes  stared  at  him, 
Full  of  eagerness  stared  at  him. 

"Many  games,"  said  old  lagoo, 
"Many  games  of  skill  and  hazard 
Have  I  seen  in  different  nations, 
Have  I  played  in  different  countries. 
He  who  plays  with  old  lagoo 
Must  have  very  nimble  fingers- 
Though  you  think  yourself  so  skilful 
I  can  beat  you,  Pau-Puk-Keewis, 
I  can  even  give  you  lessons 
In  your  game  of  Bowl  and  Counters!" 

So  they  sat  and  played  together, 


178  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

All  the  old  men  and  the  young  men, 
Played  for  dresses,  weapons,  wampum, 
Played  till  midnight,  played  till  morning, 
Played  until  the  Yenadizze, 
Till  the  cunning  Pau-Puk-Keewis, 
Of  their  treasures  had  despoiled  them, 
Of  the  best  of  all  their  dresses, 
Shirts  of  deer-skin,  robes  of  ermine, 
Belts  of  wampum,  crests  of  feathers, 
Warlike  weapons,  pipes  and  pouches. 
Twenty  eyes  glared  wildly  at  him, 
Like  the  eyes  of  wolves  glared  at  him. 

Said  the  lucky  Pau-Puk-Keewis: 
"In  my  wigwam  I  am  lonely, 
In  my  wanderings  and  adventures 
I  have  need  of  a  companion. 
Fain  would  have  a  Meshinauwa 
An  attendant  and  pipe-bearer. 
I  will  venture  all  these  winnings, 
All  these  garments  heaped  about  me, 
All  this  wampum,  all  these  feathers, 
On  a  single  throw  will  venture 
All  against  the  young  man  yonder  1 " 
'T  was  a  youth  of  sixteen  summers, 


PAU-PUK-KEEWIS. 

T  was  a  nephew  of  lagoo; 
Face-in-a-Mist,  the  people  called  him. 

As  the  fire  burns  in  a  pipe-head 
Dusky  red  beneath  the  ashes, 
So  beneath  his  shaggy  eyebrows 
Glowed  the  eyes  of  old  lagoo. 
"Ugh!"  he  answered  very  fiercely; 
"Ugh!"  they  answered  all  and  each  one. 
Seized  the  wooden  bowl  the  old  man, 
Closely  in  his  bony  fingers 
Clutched  the  fatal  bowl,  Onagon, 
Shook  it  fiercely  and  with  fury, 
Made  the  pieces  ring  together 
As  he  threw  them  down  before  him. 

Red  were  both  the  great  Kenabeeks, 
Red  the  Ininewug,  the  wedge-men, 
Red  the  Sheshebwug,  the  ducklings, 
Black  the  four  brass  Ozawabeeks, 
White  alone  the  fish,  the  Keego; 
Only  five  the  pieces  counted! 

Then  the  smiling  Pau-Puk-Keewis 
Shook  the  bowl  and  threw  the  pieces; 
Lightly  in  the  air  he  tossed  them, 
And  they  fell  about  him  scattered; 


180  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA 

Dark  and  bright  the  Ozawabeeks, 

Red  and  white  the  other  pieces, 

And  upright  among  the  others 

One  Ininewug  was  standing, 

Even  as  crafty  Pau-Puk-Keewis 

Stood   alone  among  the  players, 

Saying,  "  Five  tens !  mine  the  game  is ! " 

Twenty  eyes  glared  at  him  fiercely, 
Like  the  eyes  of  wolves  glared  at  him, 
As  he  turned  and  left  the  wigwam, 
Followed  by  his  Meshinauwa, 
By  the  nephew  of  lagoo, 
By  the  tall   and  graceful  stripling, 
Bearing  in   his  arms  the  winnings, 
Shirts  of  deer-skin,  robes  of  ermine, 
Belts  of  wampum,  pipes  and  weapons. 

"Carry  them,"  said  Pau-Puk-Keewis, 
Pointing  with  his  fan  of  feathers, 
"To  my  wigwam  far  to  eastward, 
On  the  dunes  of  Nagow  Wudjoo  1 " 

Hot  and  red  with  smoke  and  gambling 
Were  the  eyes  of  Pau-Puk-Keewis 
As  he  came  forth  to  the  freshness 
Of  the  pleasant  Summer  morning. 


PAU-PUK-KEEWIS.  181 

All  the  birds  were  singing  gayly, 

All  the  streamlets  flowing  swiftly, 

And  the  heart  of  Pau-Puk-Keewis 

Sang  with  pleasure  as  the  birds  sing, 

Beat  with  triumph  like  the  streamlets, 

As  he  wandered  through  the  village, 

In  the  early  gray  of  morning, 

With  his  fan  of  turkey-feathers, 

With  his  plumes  and  tufts  of  swan's  down, 

Till  he  reached  the  farthest  wigwam, 

Reached  the  lodge  of  Hiawatha. 

Silent  was  it  and  deserted; 
No  one  met  him  at  the  doorway, 
No  one  came  to  bid  him  welcome; 
But  the  birds  were  singing  round  it, 
In  and  out  and  round  the  doorway, 
Hopping,  singing,  fluttering,  feeding, 
And  aloft  upon  the  ridge-pole 
Kahgahgee,  the   King  of  Ravens, 
Sat  with  fiery  eyes,  and,  screaming, 
Flapped  his  wings  at  Pau-Puk-Keewis. 

"All  are  gone!  the  lodge  is  empty!'7 
Thus  it  was  spake  Pau-Puk-Keewis, 
In  his  heart  resolving  mischief;  — 


182  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

"Gone  is  wary  Hiawatha, 
Gone  the  silly  Laughing  Water, 
Gone  Nokomis,  the  old  woman, 
And  the  lodge  is  left  unguarded ! " 

By  the  neck  he  seized  the  raven, 
Whirled  it  round  him  like  a  rattle, 
Like  a  medicine-pouch  he  shook  it, 
Strangled  Kahgahgee,  the  raven, 
From  the  ridge-pole  of  the  wigwam 
Left  its  lifeless  body  hanging, 
As  an  insult  to  its  master, 
As  a  taunt  to  Hiawatha. 

With  a  stealthy  step  he  entered, 
Round  the  lodge  in  wild  disorder 
Threw  the  household  things  about  him, 
Piled  together  in  confusion 
Bowls  of  wood  and  earthen  kettles, 
Robes  of  buffalo  and  beaver, 
Skins  of  otter,  lynx,  and  ermine, 
As  an  insult  to  Nokomis, 
As  a  taunt  to  Minnehaha. 

Then  departed  Pau-Puk-Keewis, 
Whistling,   singing  through  the  forest, 
Whistling  gayly  to  the  squirrels, 


PAU-PUK-KEEWIS.  183 

Who  from  hollow  boughs  above  him 
Dropped  their  acorn-shells  upon  him, 
Singing  gayly  to  the  wood-birds, 
Who  from  out  the  leafy  darkness 
Answered  with  a  song  as  merry. 

Then  he  climbed  the  rocky  headlands, 
Looking  o'er  the  Gitche  Gumee, 
Perched  himself  upon  their  summit, 
Waiting  full  of  mirth  and  mischief 
The  return  of  Hiawatha. 

Stretched  upon  his  back  he  lay  there; 
Far  below  him  plashed  the  waters, 
Plashed  and  washed  the  dreamy  waters; 
Far  above  him  swam  the  heavens, 
Swam  the  dizzy,  dreamy  heavens; 
Round  him  hovered,  fluttered,  rustled, 
Hiawatha's  mountain  chickens, 
Flock-wise  swept  and  wheeled   about  him, 
Almost  brushed  him  with  their  pinions. 

And  he  killed  them  as  he  lay  there, 
Slaughtered  them  by  tens  and  twenties, 
Threw  their  bodies  down  the  headland, 
Threw  them  on  the  beach  below  him, 
Till  at  length  Kayoshk,  the  sea-gull, 


184  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

Perched  upon  a  crag  above  them, 
Shouted:   "It  is  Pau-Puk-Keewis  ! 
He  is  slaying  us  by  hundreds! 
Send  a  message  to  our  brother, 
Tidings  send  to  Hiawatha!" 


THE  HUNTING   OF  PAU-PUK-KEEIVIS.    185 


XVII. 

THE    HUNTING    OF    PAU-PUK-KEEWIS. 

FULL  of  wrath  was  Hiawatha 
When  he  came  into  the  village, 
Found  the  people  in  confusion, 
Heard  of  all  the  misdemeanors, 
All  the  malice  and  the  mischief, 
Of  the  cunning  Pau-Puk-Keewis. 

Hard  his  breath  came  through  his  nostrils, 
Through  his  teeth  he  buzzed  and  muttered 
Words  of  anger  and  resentment, 
Hot  and  humming,   like  a  hornet. 
"  I  will  slay  this  Pau-Puk-Keewis, 
Slay  this  mischief-maker ! "  said  he. 
"Not  so  long  and  wide  the  world  is, 
Not  so  rude  and  rough  the  way  is, 
That  my  wrath  shall  not  attain  him, 
That  my  vengeance  shall  not  reach  him !  " 


186  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

Then  in  swift  pursuit  departed 
Hiawatha  and  the  hunters 
On  the  trail  of  Pau-Puk-Keewis, 
Through  the  forest,  where  he  passed  it, 
To  the  headlands  where  he  rested; 
But  they  found  not  Pau-Puk-Keewis, 
Only  in  the  trampled  grasses, 
In  the  whortleberry-bushes, 
Found  the  couch  where  he  had  rested, 
Found  the  impress  of  his  body. 

From  the  lowlands  far  beneath  them, 
From  the  Muskoday,  the  meadow, 
Pau-Puk-Keewis,  turning  backward, 
Made  a  gesture  of  defiance, 
Made  a  gesture  of  derision; 
And  aloud  cried  Hiawatha, 
From  the  summit  of  the  mountain:- 
"Not  so  long  and  wide  the  world  is, 
Not  so  rude  and  rough  the  way  is, 
But  my  wrath  shall  overtake  you, 
And  my  vengeance  shall  attain  you ! " 

Over  rock  and  over  river, 
Thorough  bush,  and  brake,  and  forest, 
Ran  the  cunning  Pau-Puk-Keewis; 


THE  HUNTING   OF  PAU-PUK-KEEWIS.    187 

Like  an  antelope  he  bounded, 

Till  he  came  unto  a  streamlet 

In  the  middle  of  the  forest, 

To  a  streamlet  still  and  tranquil, 

That  had  overflowed  its  margin, 

To  a  dam  made  by  the  beavers, 

To  a  pond  of  quiet  water, 

Where  knee-deep  the  trees  were  standing, 

Where  the  water-lilies  floated, 

Where  the  rushes  waved  and  whispered. 

On  the  dam  stood  Pau-Puk-Keewis, 
On  the  dam  of  trunks  and  branches, 
Through  whose  chinks  the  water  spouted, 
O'er  whose  summit  flowed  the  streamlet. 
From  the  bottom  rose  a  beaver, 
Looked  with  two  great  eyes  of  wonder, 
Eyes  that  seemed  to  ask  a  question, 
At  the  stranger,  Pau-Puk-Keewis. 

On  the  dam   stood  Pau-Puk-Keewis, 
O'er  his  ankles  flowed  the  streamlet, 
Flowed  the  bright  and  silvery  water, 
And  he  spake  unto  the  beaver, 
With  a  smile  he  spake  in  this  wise: 

"O  my  friend  Ahmeek,  the  beaver, 


188  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

Cool  and  pleasant  is  the  water; 
Let  me  dive  into  the  water, 
Let  me  rest  there  in  your  lodges; 
Change  me,  too,  into  a  beaver ! " 

Cautiously  replied  the  beaver, 
With  reserve  he  thus  made  answer: 
"Let  me  first  consult  the  others, 
Let  me  ask  the  other  beavers." 
Down  he  sank  into  the  water, 
Heavily  sank  he,  as  a  stone  sinks, 
Down  among  the  leaves  and  branches, 
Brown  and  matted  at  the  bottom. 

On  the  dam  stood  Pau-Puk-Keewis, 
O'er  his  ankles  flowed  the  streamlet, 
Spouted  through  the  chinks  below  him, 
Dashed  upon  the  stones  beneath  him, 
Spread  serene  and  calm  before  him, 
And  the  sunshine  and  the  shadows 
Fell  in  flecks  and  gleams  upon  him, 
Fell  in  little  shining  patches, 
Through  the  waving,  rustling  branches. 

From  the  bottom  rose  the  beavers, 
Silently  above  the  surface 
Rose  one  head  and  then  another, 


THE  HUNTING   OF  PAU-PUK-KEEWIS.     189 

Till  the  pond  seemed  full  of  beavers, 
Full  of  black  and  shining  faces. 

To  the  beavers  Pau-Puk-Keewis 
Spake  entreating,  said  in  this  wise: 
"Very  pleasant  is  your  dwelling, 
O  my  friends!  and  safe  from  danger; 
Can  you  not  with  all  your  cunning, 
All  your  wisdom  and  contrivance, 
Change  me,  too,  into  a  beaver  ? " 

"Yes!"  replied  Ahmeek,  the  beaver, 
He  the  King  of  all  the  beavers, 
"Let  yourself  slide  down  among  us, 
Down  into  the  tranquil  water." 

Down  into  the  pond  among  them 
Silently  sank  Pau-Puk-Keewis; 
Black  became  his  shirt  of  deer-skin, 
Black  his  moccasins  and  leggings, 
In  a  broad  black  tail  behind  him 
Spread  his  fox-tails  and  his  fringes; 
He  was  changed  into  a  beaver. 

"Make  me  large,"  said  Pau-Puk-Keewis, 
"Make  me  large  and  make  me  larger, 
Larger  than  the  other  beavers." 
"Yes,"  the  beaver  chief  responded, 


190  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

"When  our  lodge  below  you  enter, 
In  our  wigwam  we  will  make  you 
Ten  times  larger  than  the  others." 
Thus  into  the  clear,  brown  water 
Silently  sank  Pau-Puk-Keewis; 
Found  the  bottom  covered  over 
With  the  trunks  of  trees  and  branches, 
Hoards  of  food  against  the  winter, 
Piles  and  heaps  against  the  famine, 
Found  the  lodge  with  arching  doorway, 
Leading  into   spacious  chambers. 

Here  they  made  him  large  and  larger 
Made  him  largest  of  the  beavers, 
Ten  times  larger  than  the  others. 
"You  shall  be  our  ruler,"  said  they; 
"Chief  and  king  of  all  the  beavers." 
But  not  long  had  Pau-Puk-Keewis 
Sat  in  state  among  the  beavers, 
When  there  came  a  voice  of  warning 
From  the  watchman  at  his  station 
In  the  water-flags  and  lilies, 
Saying:  "Here  is  Hiawatha! 
Hiawatha  with  his  hunters!" 

Then  they  heard  a  cry  above  them, 


THE  HUNTING  OF  PAU-PUK-KEEWIS.    191 

Heard  a  shouting  and  a  tramping, 
Heard  a  crashing  and  a  rushing, 
And  the  water  round  and  o'er  them 
Sank  and  sucked  away  in  eddies, 
And  they  knew  their  dam  was  broken. 

On  the  lodge's  roof  the  hunters 
Leaped,  and  broke  it  all  asunder; 
Streamed  the  sunshine  through  the  crevice, 
Sprang  the  beavers  through  the  doorway, 
Hid  themselves  in  deeper  water, 
In  the  channel  of  the  streamlet; 
But  the  mighty  Pau-Puk-Keewis 
,Could  not  pass  beneath  the  doorway; 
He  was  puffed  with  pride  and  feeding, 
He  was  swollen  like  a  bladder. 

Through  the  roof  looked  Hiawatha, 
Cried  aloud  :  "O   Pau-Puk-Keewis! 
Vain  are  all  your  craft  and  cunning, 
Vain  your  manifold  disguises !  "" 
Well  I  know  you,  Pau-Puk-Keewis  ! " 

With  their  clubs  they  beat  and  bruised  him, 
Beat  to  death  poor  Pau-Puk-Keewis, 
Pounded  him  as  maize  is  pounded, 
Till  his  skull  was  crushed  to  pieces. 


192  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

Six  tall  hunters,  lithe  and  limber, 
Bore  him  home  on  poles  and  branches, 
Bore  the  body  of  the  beaver; 
But  the  ghost,  the  Jeebi  in  him, 
Thought  and  felt  as  Pau-Puk-Keewis, 
Still  lived  on  as  Pau-Puk-Keewis. 

And  it  fluttered,  strove,  and  struggled, 
Waving  hither,  waving  thither, 
As  the  curtains  of  a  wigwam 
Struggle  with  their  thongs  of  deer-skin, 
When  the  wintry  wind  is  blowing; 
Till  it  drew  itself  together, 
Till  it  rose  up  from   the  body, 
Till  it  took  the  form  and  features 
Of  the  cunning  Pau-Puk-Keewis, 
Vanishing  into  the  forest. 

But  the  wary  Hiawatha 
Saw  the  figure  ere  it  vanished, 
Saw  the  form  of  Pau-Puk-Keewis 
Glide  into  the  soft  blue  shadow 
Of  the  pine-trees  of  the  forest; 
Toward  the  squares  of  white  beyond  it, 
Toward  an  opening  in  the  forest, 
Like  a  wind  it  rushed  and  panted, 


THE  HUNTING   OF  PAU-PUK-KEEWIS.    193 

Bending  all  the  boughs  before  it, 
And  behind  it,  as  the  rain  comes, 
Came  the  steps  of  Hiawatha. 

To  a  lake  with  many  islands 
Came  the  breathless  Pau-Puk-Keewis, 
Where  among  the  water-lilies 
Pishnekuh,  the  brant,  were  sailing; 
Through  the  tufts  of  rushes  floating, 
Steering  through  the  reedy  islands. 
Now  their  broad  black  beaks  they  lifted, 
Now  they  plunged  beneath  the  water, 
Now  they  darkened  in  the  shadow, 
Now  they  brightened  in  the  sunshine. 

"  Pishnekuh !  "  cried  Pau-Puk-Keewis, 
"Pishnekuh!  my  brothers!"  said  he, 
"Change  me  to  a  brant  with  plumage, 
With  a  shining  neck  and  feathers, 
Make  me  large,  and  make  me  larger, 
Ten  times  larger  than  the  others." 

Straightway  to  a  brant  they  changed  him, 
With  two  huge  and  dusky  pinions, 
With  a  bosom  smooth  and  rounded, 
With  a  bill  like  two  great  paddles, 
Made  him  larger  than  the  others, 


194  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

Ten  times  larger  than  the  largest, 
Just  as,  shouting  from  the  forest, 
On  the  shore  stood  Hiawatha. 

Up  they  rose  with  cry  and  clamor, 
With  a  whirr  and  beat  of  pinions, 
Rose  up  from  the  reedy  islands, 
From  the  water-flags  and  lilies. 
And  they  said  to  Pau-Puk-Keewis : 
"In  your  flying,  look  not  downward, 
Take  good  heed,  and  look  not  downward, 
Lest  some  strange  mischance  should  happen, 
Lest  some  great  mishap  befall  you ! " 

Fast  and  far  they  fled  to  northward, 
Fast  and  far  through  mist  and  sunshine 
Fed  among  the  moors  and  fen-lands, 
Slept  among  the  reeds  and  rushes. 

On  the  morrow  as  they  journeyed, 
Buoyed  and  lifted  by  the  South-wind, 
Wafted  onward  by  the  South-wind, 
Blowing  fresh  and  strong  behind  them, 
Rose  a  sound  of  human  voices, 
Rose  a  clamor  from  beneath  them, 
From  the  lodges  of  a  village, 
From  the  people  miles  beneath  them. 


THE  HUNTING   OF  PAU-PUK-KEEWIS.    195 

For  the  people  of  the  village 
Saw  the  flock  of  brant  with  wonder, 
Saw  the  wings  of  Pau-Puk-Keewis 
Flapping  far  up  in  the  ether, 
Broader  than  two  doorway  curtains. 

Pau-Puk-Keewis  heard  the  shouting, 
Knew  the  voice  of  Hiawatha, 
Knew  the  outcry  of  lagoo, 
And,  forgetful  of  the  warning, 
Drew  his  neck  in,  and  looked  downward, 
And  the  wind  that  blew  behind  him 
Caught  his  mighty  fan  of  feathers, 
Sent  him  wheeling,  whirling  downward ! 

All  in  vain  did  Pau-Puk-Keewis 
Struggle  to  regain  his  balance! 
Whirling  round  and  round  and  downward, 
He  beheld  in  turn  the  village 
And  in  turn  the  flock  above  him, 
Saw  the  village  coming  nearer, 
And  the  flock  receding  farther, 
Heard  the  voices  growing  louder, 
Heard  the  shouting  and  the  laughter; 
Saw  no  more  the  flock  above  him, 
Only  saw  the  earth  beneath  him; 


196  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

Dead  out  of  the  empty  heaven, 
Dead  among  the  shouting  people, 
With  a  heavy  sound  and  sullen, 
Fell  the  brant  with  broken  pinions. 

But  his  soul,  his  ghost,  his  shadow, 
Still  survived  as  Pau-Puk-Keewis, 
Took  again  the  form  and  features 
Of  the  handsome  Yenadizze, 
And  again  went  rushing  onward, 
Followed  fast  by  Hiawatha, 
Crying:  "Not  so  wide  the  world  is, 
Not  so  long  and  rough  the  way  is, 
But  my  wrath  shall  overtake  you, 
But  my  vengeance  shall  attain  you!" 

And  so  near  he  came,  so  near  him, 
That  his  hand  was  stretched  to  seize  him, 
His  right  hand  to  seize  and  hold  him, 
When  the  cunning  Pau-Puk-Keewis 
Whirled  and  spun  about  in  circles, 
Fanned  the  air  into  a  whirlwind, 
Danced  the  dust  and  leaves  about  him, 
And  amid  the  whirling  eddies 
Sprang  into  a  hollow  oak-tree, 
Changed  himself  into  a  serpent, 


THE  HUNTING   OF  PAU-PUK-KEEWIS.    197 

Gliding  out  through  root  and  rubbish. 

With  his  right  hand  Hiawatha 
Smote  amain  the  hollow  oak-tree, 
Rent  it  into  shreds  and  splinters, 
Left  it  lying  there  in  fragments. 
But  in  vain;  for  Pau-Puk-Keewis, 
Once  again  in  human  figure, 
Full  in  sight  ran  on  before  him, 
Sped  away  in  gust  and  whirlwind, 
On  the  shores  of  Gitche  Gumee, 
Westward  by  the  Big-Sea-Water, 
Came   unto  the  rocky  headlands, 
To  the  Pictured  Rocks  of  sandstone, 
Looking  over  lake  and  landscape. 

And  the  Old  Man  of  the  Mountain, 
He  the  Manito  of  Mountains, 
Opened  wide  his  rocky  doorways, 
Opened  wide  his  deep  abysses, 
Giving  Pau-Puk-Keewis  shelter 
In  his  caverns  dark  and  dreary, 
Bidding  Pau-Puk-Keewis  welcome 
To  his  gloomy  lodge  of  sandstone. 

There  without  stood  Hiawatha, 
Found  the  doorways  closed  against  him, 


198  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

With  his  mittens,  Minjekahwun, 
Smote  great  caverns  in  the  sandstone, 
Cried  aloud  in  tones  of  thunder : 
"Open!  I  am  Hiawatha!" 
But  the  Old  Man  of  the  Mountain 
Opened  not,  and  made  no  answer 
From  the  silent  crags  of  sandstone, 
From  the  gloomy  rock  abysses. 

Then  he  raised  his  hands  to  heaven, 
Called  imploring  on  the  tempest, 
Called  Waywassimo,  the  lightning, 
And  the  thunder,  Annemeekee; 
And  they  came  with  night  and  darkness. 
Sweeping  down  the  Big-Sea-Water 
From  the  distant  Thunder  Mountains-, 
And  the  trembling  Pau-Puk-Keewis 
Heard  the  footsteps  of  the  thunder, 
Saw  the  red  eyes  of  the  lightning, 
Was  afraid,  and  crouched  and  trembled,, 

Then  Waywassimo,  the  lightning, 
Smote  the  doorways  of  the  caverns, 
With  his  war-club  smote  the  doorways, 
Smote  the  jutting  crags  of  sandstone, 
And  the  thunder,  Annemeekee, 


THE  HUNTING   OF  PAU-PUK-KEEWIS.    199 

Shouted  down  into  the  caverns, 
Saying :  "  Where  is  Pau-Puk-Keewis!  " 
And  the  crags  fell,  and  beneath  them 
Dead  among  the  rocky  ruins 
Lay  the  cunning  Pau-Puk-Keewis, 
Lay  the  handsome  Yenadizze, 
Slain  in  his  own  human  figure. 

Ended  were  his  wild  adventures, 
Ended  were  his  tricks  and  gambols, 
Ended  all  his  craft  and  cunning, 
Ended  all  his  mischief-making, 
All  his  gambling  and  his  dancing, 
All  his  wooing  of  the  maidens. 

Then  the  noble  Hiawatha 
Took  his  soul,  his  ghost,  his  shadow, 
Spake  and  said:  "O  Pau-Puk-Keewis! 
Never  more  in  human  figure 
Shall  you  search  for  new  adventures; 
Never  more  with  jest  and  laughter 
Dance  the  dust  and  leaves  in  whirlwinds; 
But  above  there  in  the  heavens 
You  shall  soar  and  sail  in  circles; 
I  will  change  you  to  an  eagle, 
To  Keneu,  the  great  War-Eagle, 


200  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

Chief  of  all  the  fowls  with  feathers, 
Chief  of  Hiawatha's  chickens." 

And  the  name  of  Pau-Puk-Keewis 
Lingers  still  among  the  people, 
Lingers  still  among  the  singers, 
And  among  the  story-tellers ; 
And  in  Winter,  when  the  snow-flakes 
Whirl  in  eddies  round  the  lodges, 
When  the  wind  in  gusty  tumult 
O'er  the  smoke-flue  pipes  and  whistles, 
"There,"  they  cry,  "comes  Pau-Puk-Keewis; 
He  is  dancing  through  the  village, 
He  is  gathering  in  his  harvest!" 


THE  DEATH  OF  KWASWD.  201 


XVIII. 

THE    DEATH    OF    KWASIND. 

FAR  and  wide  among  the  nations 
Spread  the  name  and  fame  of  Kwasind; 
No  man  dared  to  strive  with  Kwasind, 
No  man  could  compete  with  Kwasind. 
But  the  mischievous  Puk-Wudjies, 
They  the  envious  Little  People, 
They  the  fairies  and  the  pigmies, 
Plotted  and  conspired  against  him. 

"  If  this  Hateful  Kwasind,"  said  they, 
"If  this  great,  outrageous  fellow 
Goes  on  thus  a  little  longer, 
Tearing  everything  he  touches, 
Rending  everything  to  pieces, 
Filling  all  the  world  with  wonder, 
What  becomes  of  the  Puk-Wudjies? 
Who  will  care  for  the  Puk-Wudjies? 


202  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

He  will  tread  us  down  like  mushrooms, 

Drive  us  all   into  the  water, 

Give  our  bodies  to  be  eaten 

By  the  wicked   Nee-ba-naw-baigs, 

By  the  Spirits  of  the  water!" 
So  the  angry  Little  People 

All  conspired  against  the  Strong  Man, 

All  conspired  to  murder  Kwasind, 

Yes,  to  rid  the  world  of  Kwasind, 

The  audacious,  overbearing, 

Heartless,  haughty,  dangerous  Kwasind ! 

Now  this  wondrous  strength  of  Kwasind 
In  his  crown  alone  was  seated; 
In  his  crown  too  was  his  weakness; 
There  alone  could  he  be  wounded, 
Nowhere  else  could  weapon  pierce  him, 
Nowhere  else  could  weapon  harm  him. 

Even  there  the  only  weapon 
That  could  wound  him,  that  could  slay  him, 
Was  the  seed-cone  of  the  pine-tree, 
Was  the  blue  cone  of  the  fir-tree. 
This  was  Kwasind's  fatal  secret, 
Known  to  no  man  among  mortals; 
But  the  cunning  Little  People, 


THE  DEATH  OF  KIVASIND.  203 

The  Puk-Wudjies,  knew  the  secret, 
Knew  the  only  way  to  kill  him. 

So  they  gathered  cones  together, 
Gathered  seed-cones  of  the  pine-tree, 
Gathered  blue  cones  of  the  fir-tree, 
In  the  woods  by  Taquamenaw, 
Brought  them  to  the  river's  margin, 
Heaped  them  in  great  piles  together, 
Where  the  red  rocks  from  the  margin 
Jutting  overhang  the  river. 
There  they  lay  in  wait  for  Kwasind, 
The  malicious  Little  People. 

'T  was  an  afternoon  in  Summer ; 
Very  hot  and  still  the  air  was, 
Very  smooth  the  gliding  river, 
Motionless  the  sleeping  shadows: 
Insects  glistened  in  the  sunshine, 
Insects  skated  on  the  water, 
Filled  the  drowsy  air  with  buzzing, 
With  a  far-resounding  war-cry. 

Down  the  river  came  the  Strong  Man, 
In  his  birch  canoe  came  Kwasind, 
Floating  slowly  down  the  current 
Of  the  sluggish  Taquamenaw, 


204  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

Very  languid  with  the  weather, 
Very  sleepy  with  the  silence. 

From  the  overhanging  branches. 
From  the  tassels  of  the  birch-trees, 
Soft  the   Spirit  of  Sleep  descended; 
By  his  airy  hosts  surrounded, 
His  invisible  attendants, 
Came  the  Spirit  of  Sleep,  Nepali  win; 
Like  the  burnished  Dush-kwo-ne-she, 
Like  a  dragon-fly,  he  hovered 
O'er  the  drowsy  head  of  Kwasind. 

To  his  ear  there  came  a  murmur 
As  of  waves  upon  a  sea-shore, 
As  of  far-off  tumbling  waters, 
As  of  winds  among  the  pine-trees; 
And  he  felt  upon  his  forehead 
Blows  of  little  airy  war-clubs, 
Wielded  by  the  slumbrous  legions 
Of  the  Spirit  of  Sleep,  Nepahwin, 
As  of  some  one  breathing  on  him. 

At  the  first  blow  of  their  war-clubs, 
Fell  a  drowsiness  on  Kwasind; 
At  the  second  blow  they  smote  him, 
Motionless  his  paddle  rested; 


THE  DEATH  OF  KWASIND.  205 

At  the  third,  before  his  vision 
Reeled  the  landscape  into  darkness, 
Very  sound  asleep  was  Kwasind. 

So  he  floated  down  the  river, 
Like  a  blind  man  seated  upright, 
Floated  down  the  Taquamenaw, 
Underneath  the  trembling  birch-trees, 
Underneath  the  wooded  headlands, 
Underneath  the  war  encampment 
Of  the  pigmies,  the  Puk-Wudjies. 

There  they  stood,  all  armed  and  waiting, 
Hurled  the  pine-cones  down  upon  him, 
Struck  him  on  his  brawny  shoulders, 
On  his  crown  defenceless  struck  him. 
"Death  to  Kwasind!"  was  the  sudden 
War-cry  of  the  Little  People. 

And  he  sideways  swayed  and  tumbled, 
Sideways  fell  into  the  river, 
Plunged  beneath  the  sluggish  water 
Headlong,  as  an  otter  plunges; 
And  the  birch-canoe,  abandoned, 
Drifted  empty  down  the  river, 
Bottom  upward  swerved  and  drifted: 
Nothing  more  was  seen  of  Kwasind. 


206  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

But  the  memory  of  the  Strong  Man 
Lingered  long  among  the  people, 
And  whenever  through  the  forest 
Raged  and  roared  the  wintry  tempest, 
And  the  branches,  tossed  and  troubled, 
Creaked  and  groaned  and  split  asunder, 
"Kwasind!"  cried  they;  "that  is  Kwasind ! 
He  is  gathering  in  his  fire-wood ! " 


THE   GHOSTS  207 


XIX. 

THE   GHOSTS. 

NEVER  stoops  the  soaring  vulture 

On  his  quarry  in  the  desert, 

On  the  sick  or  wounded  bison, 

But  another  vulture,  watching 

From  his  high  aerial  look-out, 

Sees  the  downward  plunge,  and  follows; 

And  a  third  pursues  the  second, 

Coming  from  the  invisible  ether, 

First  a  speck,  and  then  a  vulture, 

Till  the  air  is  dark  with  pinions. 

So  disasters  come  not  singly; 
But  as  if  they  watched  and  waited, 
Scanning  one  another's  motions, 
When  the  first  descends,  the  others 
Follow,  follow,  gathering  flock-wise 
Round  their  victim,  sick  and  wounded, 


208  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

First  a  shadow,  then  a  sorrow, 
Till  the  air  is  dark  with  anguish. 

Now,  o'er  all  the  dreary  Northland, 
Mighty  Peboan,  the  Winter, 
Breathing  on  the  lakes  and  rivers, 
Into  stone  had  changed  their  waters. 
From  his  hair  he  shook  the  snow-flakes, 
Till  the  plains  were  strewn  with  whiteness, 
One  uninterrupted  level, 
As  if,  stooping,  the  Creator 
With  his  hand  had  smoothed  them  over. 

Through  the  forest,  wide  and  wailing, 
Roamed  the  hunter  on  his  snow-shoes; 
In  the  village  worked  the  women, 
Pounded  maize,  or  dressed  the  deer-skin; 
And  the  young  men  played  together 
On  the  ice  the  noisy  ball-play, 
On  the  plain  the  dance  of  snow-shoes. 

One  dark  evening,  after  sundown, 
In  her  wigwam  Laughing  Water 
Sat  with  old  Nokomis,  waiting 
For  the  steps  of  Hiawatha 
Homeward  from  the  hunt  returning. 

On  their  faces  gleamed  the  fire-light, 


THE   GHOSTS.  209 

Painting  them  with  streaks  of  crimson, 

In  the  eyes  of  old  Nokomis 

Glimmered  like  the  watery  moonlight, 

In  the  eyes  of  Laughing  Water 

Glistened  like  the  sun  in  water; 

And  behind  them  crouched  their  shadows 

In  the  corners  of  the  wigwam, 

And  the  smoke  in  wreaths  above  them 

Climbed  and  crowded  through  the  smoke-flue. 

Then  the  curtain  of  the  doorway 
From  without  was  slowly  lifted; 
Brighter  glowed  the  fire  a  moment, 
And  a  moment  swerved  the  smoke-wreath, 
As  two  women  entered  softly, 
Passed  the  doorway  uninvited, 
Without  word  of  salutation, 
Without  sign  of  recognition, 
Sat  down  in  the  farthest  corner, 
Crouching  low  among  the  shadows. 

From  their  aspect  and  their  garments, 
Strangers  seemed  they  in  the  village; 
Very  pale  and  haggard  were  they, 
As  they  sat  there  sad  and  silent, 
Trembling,  cowering  with  the  shadows. 


210  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

Was  it  the  wind  above  the  smoke-flue, 
Muttering  down  into  the  wigwam? 
Was  it  the  owl,  the  Koko-koho, 
Hooting  from  the  dismal  forest? 
Sure  a  voice  said  in  the  silence: 
"These  are  corpses  clad  in  garments, 
These  are  ghosts  that  come  to  haunt  you, 
From  the  kingdom  of  Ponemah, 
From  the  land  of  the  Hereafter!" 

Homeward  now  came  Hiawatha 
From  his  hunting  in  the  forest, 
With  the  snow  upon  his  tresses, 
And  the  red  deer  on  his  shoulders. 
At  the  feet  of  Laughing  W7ater 
Down  he  threw  his  lifeless  burden; 
Nobler,  handsomer  she  thought  him, 
Than  when  first  he  came  to  woo  her, 
First  threw  down  the  deer  before  her, 
As  a  token  of  his  wishes, 
As  a  promise  of  the  future. 

Then  he  turned  and  saw  the  strangers. 
Cowering,  crouching  with  the  shadows; 
Said  within  himself:  "Who  are  they? 
What  strange  guests  has  Minnehaha?" 


THE   GHOSTS.  211 

But  he  questioned  not  the  strangers, 
Only  spake  to  bid  them  welcome 
To  his  lodge,  his  food,  his  fireside. 

When  the  evening  meal  was  ready, 
And  the  deer  had  been  divided, 
Both  the  pallid  guests,  the  strangers, 
Springing  from  among  the  shadows, 
Seized  upon  the  choicest  portions, 
Seized  the  white  fat  of  the  roebuck, 
Set  apart  for  Laughing  Water, 
For  the  wife  of  Hiawatha; 
Without  asking,   without  thanking, 
Eagerly  devoured  the  morsels, 
Flitted  back  among  the  shadows 
In  the  corner  of  the  wigwam. 

Not  a  word  spake  Hiawatha, 
Not  a  motion  made  Nokomis, 
Not  a  gesture  Laughing  Water; 
Not  a  change  came  o'er  their  features; 
Only  Minnehaha  softly 
Whispered,  saying:    "They  are  famished; 
Let  them  do  what  best  delights  them; 
Let  them  eat,  for  they  are  famished." 

Many  a  daylight  dawned  and  darkened, 


212  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

Many  a  night  shook  off  the  daylight 
As  the  pine  shakes  off  the  snow-flakes 
From  the  midnight  of  its  branches; 
Day  by  day  the  guests  unmoving 
Sat  there  silent  in  the  wigwam; 
But  by  night,  in  storm  or  starlight 
Forth  they  went  into  the  forest, 
Bringing  fire-wood  to  the  wigwam, 
Bringing  pine-cones  for  the  burning, 
Always  sad  and  always  silent. 

And  whenever  Hiawatha 
Came  from  fishing  or  from  hunting, 
When  the  evening  meal  was  ready, 
And  the  food  had  been  divided, 
Gliding  from  their  darksome  corner, 
Came  the  pallid  guests,  the  strangers, 
Seized  upon  the  choicest  portions 
Set  aside  for  Laughing  Water, 
And  without  rebuke  or  question 
Flitted  back  among  the  shadows. 

Never  once  had  Hiawatha 
By  a  word  or  look  reproved  them; 
Never  once  had  old  Nokomis 
Made  a  gesture  of  impatience; 


THE  GHOSTS. 

Never  once  had  Laughing  Water 
Shown  resentment  at  the  outrage. 
All  had  they  endured  in  silence, 
That  the  rights  of  guest  and  stranger, 
That  the  virtue  of  free-giving, 
By  a  look  might  not  be  lessened, 
By  a  word  might  not  be  broken. 

Once  at  midnight  Hiawatha, 
Ever  wakeful,  ever  watchful, 
In  the  wigwam,  dimly  lighted 
By  the  brands  that  still  were  burning, 
By  the  glimmering,  flickering  fire-light, 
Heard  a  sighing,  oft  repeated, 
Heard  a  sobbing,  as  of  sorrow. 

From  his  couch  rose  Hiawatha, 
From  his  shaggy  hides  of  bison, 
Pushed  aside  the  deer-skin  curtain, 
Saw  the  pallid  guests,  the  shadows, 
Sitting  upright  on  their  couches, 
Weeping  in  the  silent  midnight. 

And  he  said:  "O  guests!  why  is  it 
That  your  hearts  are  so  afflicted, 
That  you  sob  so  in  the  midnight? 
Has  perchance  the  old  Nokomis, 


513 


214  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA 

Has  my  wife,  my  Minnehaha, 
Wronged  or  grieved  you  by  unkindness, 
Failed  in  hospitable  duties?" 

Then  the  shadows  ceased  from  weeping, 
Ceased  from  sobbing  and  lamenting, 
And  they  said,  with  gentle  voices: 
"We  are  ghosts  of  the  departed, 
Souls  of  those  who  once  were  with  you. 
From  the  realms  of  Chibiabos 
Hither  have  we  come  to  try  you, 
Hither  have  we  come  to  warn  you. 

"  Cries  of  grief  and  lamentation 
Reach  us  in  the  Blessed  Islands; 
Cries  of  anguish  from  the  living, 
Calling  back  their  friends  departed, 
Sadden  us  with  useless  sorrow. 
Therefore  have  we  come  to  try  you; 
No  one  knows  us,  no  one  heeds  us. 
We  are  but  a  burden  to  you, 
And  we  see  that  the  departed 
Have  no  place  among  the  living 

"Think  of  this,  O  Hiawatha! 
Speak  of  it  to  all  the  people, 
That  henceforward  and  for  ever 


THE   GHOSTS. 

They  no  more  with  lamentations 
Sadden  the  souls  of  the  departed 
In  the  Islands  of  the  Blessed. 

"Do  not  lay  such  heavy  burdens 
In  the  graves  of  those  you  bury, 
Not  such  weight  of  furs  and  wampum, 
Not  such  weight  of  pots  and  kettles, 
For  the  spirits  faint  beneath  them. 
Only  give  them  food  to  carry, 
Only  give  them  fire  to  light  them. 

"Four  days  is  the  spirit's  journey 
To  the  land  of  ghosts  and  shadows, 
Four  its  lonely  night  encampments; 
Four  times  must  their  fires  be  lighted. 
Therefore,  when  the  dead  are  buried, 
Let  a  fire,  as  night  approaches, 
Four  times  on  the  grave  be  kindled, 
That  the  soul  upon  its  journey 
May  not  lack  the  cheerful  fire-light, 
May  not  grope  about  in  darkness. 

"Farewell,  noble  Hiawatha! 
We  have  put  you  to  the  trial, 
To  the  proof  have  put  your  patience, 
By  the  insult  of  our  presence, 


215 


216  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

By  the  outrage  of  our  actions, 
We  have  found  you  great  and  noble. 
Fail  not  in  the  greater  trial, 
Faint  not  in  the  harder  struggle." 

When  they  ceased,  a  sudden  darkness 
Fell  and  filled  the  silent  wigwam. 
Hiawatha  heard  a  rustle 
As  of  garments  trailing  by  him, 
Heard  the  curtain  of  the  doorway 
Lifted  by  a  hand  he  saw  not, 
Felt  the  cold  breath  of  the  night  air, 
For  a  moment  saw  the  starlight; 
But  he  saw  the  ghosts  no  longer, 
Saw  no  more  the  wandering  spirits 
From  the  kingdom  of  Ponemah, 
From  the  land  of  the  Hereafter. 


THE  FAMINE.  217 


XX. 

THE    FAMINE. 

O  THE  long  and  dreary  Winter! 
O  the  cold  and  cruel  Winter ! 
Ever  thicker,  thicker,  thicker 
Froze  the  ice  on  lake  and  river, 
Ever  deeper,  deeper,  deeper 
Fell  the  snow  o'er  all  the  landscape, 
Fell  the  covering  snow,  and  drifted 
Through  the  forest,  round  the  village. 

Hardly  from  his  buried  wigwam 
Could  the  hunter  force  a  passage ; 
With  his  mittens  and  his  snow-shoes 
Vainly  walked  he   through  the  forest, 
Sought  for  bird  or  beast  and  found  none, 
Saw  no  track  of  deer  or  rabbit, 
In  the  snow  beheld  no  footprints, 
In  the  ghastly,  gleaming  forest 


218  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

Fell,  and  could  not  rise  from  weakness, 

Perished  there  from  cold  and  hunger. 
O  the  famine  and  the  fever ! 

O  the  wasting  of  the  famine! 

O  the  blasting  of  the  fever! 

O  the  wailing  of  the  children ! 

O  the  anguish  of  the  women! 

All  the  earth  was  sick  and  famished; 

Hungry  was  the  air  around  them, 
Hungry  was  the  sky  above  them, 
And  the  hungry  stars  in  heaven 
Like  the  eyes  of  wolves  glared  at  them  ! 

Into  Hiawatha's  wigwam 
Came  two  other  guests,  as  silent 
As  the  ghosts  were,  and  as  gloomy, 
Waited  not  to  be  invited, 
Did  not  parley  at  the  doorway, 
Sat  there  without  word  of  welcome 
In  the  seat  of  Laughing  Water; 
Looked  with  haggard  eyes  and  hollow 
At  the  face  of  Laughing  Water. 

And  the  foremost  said:  "Behold  me! 
I  am  Famine,  Bukadawin  !  " 
And  the  other  said:  "Behold  me! 


THE  FAMINE.  219 

I  am  Fever,  Ahkosewin  ! " 

And  the  lovely  Minnehaha 
Shuddered  as  they  looked  upon  her, 
Shuddered  at  the  words  they  uttered, 
Lay  down  on  her  bed  in  silence, 
Hid  her  face,  but  made  no  answer; 
Lay  there  trembling,  freezing,  burning 
At  the  looks  they  cast  upon  her, 
At  the  fearful  words  they  uttered. 

Forth  into  the  empty  forest 
Rushed  the  maddened  Hiawatha; 
In  his  heart  was  deadly  sorrow, 
In  his  face  a  stony  firmness; 
On  his  brow  the   sweat  of  anguish 
Started,  but  it  froze  and  fell  not. 

Wrapped  in  furs  and  armed  for  hunting, 
With  his  mighty  bow  of  ash-tree, 
With  his  quiver  full  of  arrows, 
With  his  mittens,   Minjekahwun, 
Into  the  vast  and  vacant  forest 
On  his  snow-shoes  strode  he  forward. 

"Gitche   Manito,  the  Mighty!" 
Cried  he  with  his  face  uplifted 
In  that  bitter  hour  of  anguish, 


220  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

"Give  your  children  food,  O  father! 
Give  us  food,  or  we  must  perish  ! 
Give  me  food  for  Minnehaha, 
For  my  dying  Minnehaha  !  " 

Through  the  far-resounding  forest, 
Through  the  forest  vast  and  vacant, 
Rang  that  cry  of  desolation, 
But  there  came  no  other  answer 
Than  the  echo  of  his  crying, 
Than  the  echo  of  the  woodlands, 
"  Minnehaha  !  Minnehaha !  " 

All  day  long  roved  Hiawatha 
In  that  melancholy  forest, 
Through  the  shadow  of  whose  thickets, 
In  the  pleasant  days  of  Summer, 
Of  that  ne'er  forgotten  Summer, 
He  had  brought  his  young  wife  homeward 
From  the  land  of  the  Dacotahs; 
When  the  birds  sang  in  the  thickets, 
And  the  streamlets  laughed  and  glistened, 
And  the  air  was  full  of  fragrance, 
And  the  lovely  Laughing  Water 
Said  with  voice  that  did  not  tremble: 
"I  will  follow  you,  my  husband!" 


THE  FAMINE.  221 

In  the  wigwam  with  Nokomis, 
With  those  gloomy  guests,  that  watched  her, 
With  the  Famine  and  the  Fever, 
She  was  lying,  the  Beloved, 
She  the  dying  Minnehaha. 

"Hark!"  she  said;  "I  hear  a  rushing, 
Hear  a  roaring  and  a  rushing, 
Hear  the  Falls  of  Minnehaha 
Calling  to  me  from  a  distance  ! " 
"  No,  my  child  ! "  said  old  Nokomis, 
"T  is  the  night-wind  in  the  pine-trees!" 

"Look!"  she  said;   "I  see  my  father 
Standing  lonely  at  his  doorway, 
Beckoning  to  me  from  his  wigwam 
In  the  land  of  the  Dacotahs!" 
"No,  my  child!"  said  old  Nokomis, 
"'T  is  the  smoke  that  waves  and  beckons!" 

"Ah!"  she  said,  "the  eyes  of  Pauguk 
Glare  upon  me  in  the  darkness, 
I  can  feel  his  icy  fingers 
Clasping  mine  amid  the  darkness  ! 
Hiawatha  !   Hiawatha  !  " 

And  the  desolate  Hiawatha, 
Far  away  amid  the  forest, 


222  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

Miles  away  among  the  mountains, 
Heard  that  sudden  cry  of  anguish, 
Heard  the  voice  of  Minnehaha 
Calling  to  him  in  the  darkness: 
"Hiawatha!  Hiawatha!" 

Over  snow-fields  waste  and  pathless, 
Under  snow-encumbered  branches, 
Homeward  hurried  Hiawatha, 
Empty-handed,  heavy-hearted, 
Heard  Nokomis  moaning,  wailing: 
"  Wahonowin !  Wahonowin  ! 
Would  that  I  had  perished  for  you, 
Would  that  I  were  dead  as  you  are ! 
Wahonowin  !  Wahonowin  !  " 

And  he  rushed  into  the  wigwam, 
Saw  the  old  Nokomis  slowly 
Rocking  to  and  fro  and  moaning, 
Saw  his  lovely  Minnehaha 
Lying  dead  and  cold  before  him, 
And  his  bursting  heart  within  him 
Uttered  such  a  cry  of  anguish, 
That  the  forest  moaned  and  shuddered, 
That  the  very  stars  in  heaven 
Shook  and  trembled  with  his  anguish. 


THE  FAMINE  223 

Then  he  sat  down,  still  and  speechless, 
On  the  bed  of  Minnehaha, 
At  the  feet  of  Laughing  Water, 
At  those  willing  feet,  that  never 
More  would  lightly  run  to  meet  him, 
Never  more  would  lightly  follow. 

With  both  hands  his  -face  he  covered, 
Seven  long  days  and  nights  he  sat  there, 
As  if  in  a  swoon  he  sat  there, 
Speechless,  motionless,  unconscious 
Of  the  daylight  or  the  darkness. 

Then  they  buried  Minnehaha; 
In  the  snow  a  grave  they  made  her, 
In  the  forest  deep  and  darksome, 
Underneath  the  moaning  hemlocks; 
Clothed  her  in  her  richest  garments, 
Wrapped  her  in  her  robes  of  ermine, 
Covered  her  with  snow,  like  ermine; 
Thus  they  buried  Minnehaha. 

And  at  night  a  fire  was  lighted, 
On  her  grave  four  times  was  kindled, 
For  her  soul  upon  its  journey 
To  the  Islands  of  the  Blessed. 
From  his  doorway  Hiawatha 


224  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA 

Saw  it  burning  in  the  forest, 
Lighting  up  the  gloomy  hemlocks; 
From  his  sleepless  bed  uprising, 
From  the  bed  of  Minnehaha, 
Stood  and  watched  it  at  the  doorway, 
That  it  might  not  be  extinguished, 
Might  not  leave  her  in  the  darkness. 
"Farewell!"  said  he,  "Minnehaha! 
Farewell,  O  my  Laughing  Water ! 
All  my  heart  is  buried  with  you, 
All  my  thoughts  go  onward  with  you ! 
Come  not  back  again  to  labor, 
Come  not  back  again  to  suffer, 
Where  the  Famine  and  the  Fever 
Wear  the  heart  and  waste  the  body. 
Soon  my  task  will  be  completed, 
Soon  your  footsteps  I  shall  follow 
To  the  Islands  of  the  Blessed, 
To  the  Kingdom  of  Ponemah, 
To  the  Land  of  the  Hereafter!" 


THE   WHITE  MAN'S  FOOT.  225 


XXI. 

THE   WHITE    MAN'S    FOOT. 

IN  his  lodge  beside  a  river, 
Close  beside  a  frozen  river, 
Sat  an  old  man,   sad  and  lonely. 
White  his  hair  was  as  a  snow-drift; 
Dull  and  low  his  fire  was  burning, 
And  the  old  man  shook  and  trembled, 
Folded  in  his  Waubewyon, 
In  his  tattered  white-skin-wrapper, 
Hearing  nothing  but  the  tempest 
As  it  roared  along  the  forest, 
Seeing  nothing  but  the  snow-storm, 
As  it  whirled  and  hissed  and  drifted. 

All  the  coals  were  white  with  ashes, 
And  the  fire  was  slowly  dying, 
As  a  young  man,   walking  lightly, 
At  the  open  doorway  entered. 


226  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

Red  with  blood  of  youth  his  cheeks  were, 
Soft  his  eyes,   as  stars  in  Spring-time, 
Bound  his  forehead  was  with  grasses, 
Bound  and  plumed  with  scented  grasses; 
On  his  lips  a  smile  of  beauty, 
Filling  all  the  lodge  with  sunshine, 
In  his  hand  a  bunch  of  blossoms 
Filling  all  the  lodge  with  sweetness. 

"Ah,  my  son!"  exclaimed  the  old  man, 
"Happy  are  my  eyes  to  see  you. 
Sit  here  on  the  mat  beside  me, 
Sit  here  by  the  dying  embers, 
Let  us  pass  the  night  together. 
Tell  me  of  your  strange  adventures, 
Of  the  lands  where  you  have  travelled; 
I  will  tell  you  of  my  prowess, 
Of  my  many  deeds  of  wonder." 

From  his  pouch  he  drew  his  peace-pipes 
Very  old  and  strangely  fashioned; 
Made  of  red  stone  was  the  pipe-head, 
And  the  stem  a  reed  with  feathers; 
Filled  the  pipe  with  bark  of  willow, 
Placed  a  burning  coal  upon  it, 
Gave  it  to  his  guest,  the  stranger, 


THE   WHITE  MAN'S  FOOT,  227 


And  began  to  speak  in  this  wise: 

"When  I  blow  my  breath  about  me, 
When  I  breathe  upon  the  landscape, 
Motionless  are  all  the  rivers, 
Hard  as  stone  becomes  the  water!" 

And  the  young  man  answered,  smiling^ 
"  When  I  blow  my  breath  about  me, 
When  I  breathe  upon  the  landscape, 
Flowers  spring  up  o'er  all  the  meadows, 
Singing,  onward  rush  the  rivers!" 

"\Vhen  I  shake  my  hoary  tresses," 
Said  the  old  man  darkly  frowning, 
"All  the  land  with  snow  is  covered; 
All  the  leaves  from  all  the  branches 
Fall  and  fade  and  die  and  wither, 
For  I  breathe,  and  lo  !  they  are  not. 
From  the  waters  and  the  marshes 
Rise  the  wild  goose  and  the  heron, 
Fly  away  to  distant  regions, 
For  I  speak,  and  lo  !  they  are  not. 
And  where'er  my  footsteps  wander, 
All  the  wild  beasts  of  the  forest 
Hide  themselves  in  holes  and  caverns, 
And  the  earth  becomes  as  flintstone!" 


THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

"When  I  shake  my  flowing  ringlets," 
Said  the  young  man,  softly  laughing, 
"  Showers  of  rain  fall  warm  and  welcome, 
Plants  lift  up  their  heads  rejoicing, 
Back  unto  their  lakes  and  marshes 
Come  the  wild  goose  and  the  heron, 
Homeward  shoots  the  arrowy  swallow, 
Sing  the  blue-bird  and  the  robin, 
And  where'er  my  footsteps  wander, 
All  the  meadows  wave  with  blossoms, 
All  the  woodlands  ring  with  music, 
All  the  trees  are  dark  with  foliage ! " 

While  they  spake,  the  night  departed; 
From  the  distant  realms  of  Wabun, 
From  his  shining  lodge  of  silver, 
Like  a  warrior  robed  and  painted, 
Came  the  sun,   and  said:  "Behold  me! 
Gheezis,  the  great  sun,  behold  me  ! " 

Then  the  old  man's  tongue  was  speechless, 
And  the  air  grew  warm  and  pleasant, 
And  upon  the  wigwam  sweetly 
Sang  the  blue-bird  and  the  robin, 
And  the   stream  began  to  murmur, 
And  a  scent  of  growing  grasses 


THE    WHITE  MAN'S  FOOT.  229 

Through  the  lodge  was  gently  wafted. 

And  Segwun,  the  youthful  stranger, 
More  distinctly  in  the  daylight 
Saw  the  icy  face  before  him; 
It  was  Peboan,  the  Winter ! 

From  his  eyes  the  tears  were  flowing, 
As  from  melting  lakes  the  streamlets, 
And  his  body  shrunk  and  dwindled 
As  the  shouting  sun  ascended, 
Till  into  the  air  it  faded, 
Till  into  the  ground  it  vanished, 
And  the  young  man  saw  before  him, 
On  the  hearth-stone  of  the  wigwam, 
Where  the  fire  had  -smoked  and  smouldered, 
Saw  the  earliest  flower  of  Spring-time, 
Saw  the  Beauty  of  the  Spring-time, 
Saw  the  Miskodeed  in  blossom. 

Thus  it  was  that  in  the  Northland 
After  that  unheard-of  coldness, 
That  intolerable  Winter, 
Came  the  Spring  with  all  its  splendor, 
All  its  birds  and  all  its  blossoms, 
All  its  flowers  and  leaves  and  grasses. 

Sailing  on  the  wind  to  northward, 


230  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

Flying  in  great  flocks,  like  arrows, 
Like  huge  arrows  shot  through  heaven, 
Passed  the  swan,  the  Mahnahbezee, 
Speaking  almost  as  a  man  speaks; 
And  in  long  lines  waving,  bending 
Like  a  bow-string  snapped  asunder, 
The  white  goose,  the  Waw-be-wawa; 
And  in  pairs,  or  singly  flying, 
Mahng  the  loon,  with  clangorous  pinions, 
The  blue  heron,  the  Shuh-shuh-gah, 
And  the  grovvse,  the  Mushkodasa. 

In  the  thickets  and  the  meadows 
Piped  the  blue-bird,  the  Owaissa, 
On  the  summit  of  the  lodges 
Sang  the  Opechee,  the  robin, 
In  the  covert  of  the  pine-trees 
Cooed  the  pigeon,  the  Omeme, 
And  the  sorrowing  Hiawatha, 
Speechless   in  his  infinite  sorrow, 
Heard  their  voices  calling  to  him, 
Went  forth  from  his  gloomy  doorway, 
Stood  and  gazed  into  the  heaven, 
Gazed  upon  the  earth  and  waters. 

From  his  wanderings  far  to  eastward, 


THE   WHITE  MAN'S  FOOT.  231 

From  the  regions  of  the  morning, 
From  the  shining  land  of  Wabun, 
Homeward  now  returned  lagoo, 
The  great  traveller,  the  great  boaster, 
Full  of  new  and  strange  adventures, 
Marvels  many  and  many  wonders. 

And  the  people  of  the  village 
Listened  to  him  as  he  told  them 
Of  his  marvellous  adventures, 
Laughing  answered  him  in  this  wise: 
"Ugh!  it  is  indeed  lagoo! 
No  one  else  beholds  such  wonders ! " 

He  had  seen,  he  said,  a  water 
Bigger  than  the  Big-Sea-Water, 
Broader  than  the  Gitche  Gumee, 
Bitter  so  that  none  could  drink  it ! 
At  each  other  looked  the  warriors, 
Looked  the  women  at  each  other, 
Smiled,  and  said :   "  It  cannot  be  so ! 
Kaw!"  they  said,  "it  cannot  be  so!" 

O'er  it,  said  he,  o'er  this  water 
Came  a  great  canoe  with  pinions, 
A  canoe  with  wings  came  flying, 
Bigger  than  a  grove  of  pine-trees, 


232  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

Taller  than  the  tallest  tree-tops  ! 
And  the  old  men  and  the  women 
Looked  and  tittered  at  each  other; 
"Kaw!"  they  said,  "we  don't  believe  it!" 

From  its  mouth,  he  said,  to  greet  him, 
Came  Waywassimo,  the  lightning, 
Came  the  thunder,  Annemeekee ! 
And  the  warriors  and  the  women 
Laughed  aloud  at  poor  lagoo; 
"Kaw!"  they  said,  "what  tales  you  tell  us!" 

In  it,  said  he,  came  a  people, 
In  the  great  canoe  with  pinions 
Came,  he  said,  a  hundred  warriors; 
Painted  white  were  all  their  faces, 
And  with  hair  their  chins  were  covered! 
And  the  warriors  and  the  women 
Laughed  and  shouted  in  derision, 
Like  the  ravens  on  the  tree-tops, 
Like  the  crows  upon  the  hemlocks. 
"Kaw!"  they  said,  "what  lies  you  tell  us! 
Do  not  think  that  we  believe  them ! " 

Only  Hiawatha  laughed  not, 
But  he  gravely  spake  and  answered 
To  their  jeering  and  their  jesting: 


THE   WHITE  MAN'S  FOOT.  233 

"True  is  all  lagoo  tells  us; 
I  have  seen  it  in  a  vision, 
Seen  the  great  canoe  with  pinions, 
Seen  the  people  with  white  faces, 
Seen  the  coming  of  this  bearded 
People  of  the  wooden  vessel 
From  the  regions  of  the  morning, 
From  the  shining  land  of  Wabun. 

"Gitche  Manito  the  Mighty, 
The  Great  Spirit,  the  Creator, 
Sends  them  hither  on  his  errand, 
Sends  them  to  us  with  his  message. 
Wheresoe'er  they  move,  before  them 
Swarms  the  stinging  fly,  the  Ahmo, 
Swarms  the  bee,  the  honey-maker; 
Wheresoe'er  they  tread,  beneath  them 
Springs  a  flower  unknown  among  us, 
Springs  the  White-man's  Foot  in  blossom. 

"Let  us  welcome,  then,  the  strangers, 
Hail  them  as  our  friends  and  brothers, 
And  the  heart's  right  hand  of  friendship 
Give  them  when  they  come  to  see  us. 
Gitche  Manito,  the  Mighty, 
Said  this  to  me  in  my  vision. 


234  THE  SONG  OF  HIAWATHA. 

"I  beheld,  too,  in  that  vision 
All  the  secrets  of  the  future, 
Of  the  distant  days  that  shall  be. 
I  beheld  the  westward  marches 
Of  the  unknown,  crowded  nations. 
All  the  land  was  full  of  people, 
Restless,  struggling,  toiling,  striving, 
Speaking  many  tongues,  yet  feeling 
But  one  heart-beat  in  their  bosoms. 
In  the  woodlands  rang  their  axes, 
Smoked  their  towns  in  all  the  valleys, 
Over  all  the  lakes  and  rivers 
Rushed  their  great  canoes  of  thunder. 

"Then  a  darker,  drearier  vision 
Passed  before  me,  vague  and  cloud-like; 
I  beheld  our  nations  scattered, 
All  forgetful  of  my  counsels, 
Weakened,  warring  with  each  other; 
Saw  the  remnants  of  our  people 
Sweeping  westward,  wild  and  woful, 
Like  the  cloud-rack  of  a  tempest, 
Like  the  withered  leaves  of  autumn !  " 


HIAWATHA'S  DEPARTURE.  235 


XXII. 
HIAWATHA'S  DEPARTURE. 

BY  the  shore  of  Gitche  Gumee, 
By  the  shining  Big-Sea-Water, 
At  the  doorway  of  his  wigwam, 
In  the  pleasant   Summer  morning, 
Hiawatha  stood  and  waited. 

All  the  air  was  full  of  freshness, 
All  the  earth  was  bright  and  joyous, 
And  before  him,  through  the  sunshine, 
Westward  toward  the   neighboring  forest 
Passed  in  golden   swarms  the  Ahmo 
Passed  the  bees,  the  honey-makers, 
Burning,  singing  in  the  sunshine. 

Bright  above  him  shone  the  heavens, 
Level  spread  the  lake  before  him; 
From  its  bosom  leaped  the  sturgeon, 
Sparkling,  flashing  in  the  sunshine  •, 


236  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

On  its  margin  the  great  forest 
Stood  reflected  in  the  water, 
Every  tree-top  had  its  shadow, 
Motionless  beneath  the  water. 

From  the  brow  of  Hiawatha 
Gone  was  every  trace  of  sorrow, 
As  the  fog  from  off  the  water, 
As  the  mist  from  off  the  meadow. 
With  a  smile  of  joy  and  triumph, 
With  a  look  of  exultation, 
As  of  one  who  in  a  vision 
Sees  what  is  to  be,  but  is  not, 
Stood  and  waited  Hiawatha. 

Toward  the  sun  his  hands  were  lifted, 
Both  the  palms  spread  out  against  it, 
And  between  the  parted  fingers 
Fell  the  sunshine  on  his  features, 
Flecked  with   light  his  naked  shoulders, 
As  it  falls  and  flecks  an  oak-tree 
Through  the  rifted  leaves  and  branches. 

O'er  the  water  floating,  flying, 
Something  in  the  hazy  distance, 
Something  in  the  mists  of  morning, 
Loomed  and  lifted  from  the  water, 


HIAWATHA'S   DEPARTURE.  237 

Now  seemed  floating,  now  seemed  flying, 
Coming  nearer,  nearer,  nearer. 

Was  it  Shingebis  the  diver? 
Was  it  the  pelican,  the  Shada? 
Or  the  heron,  the  Shuh-shuh-gah  ? 
Or  the  white  goose,  Waw-be-wawa, 
With  the  water  dripping,  flashing 
From  its  glossy  neck  and  feathers? 

It  was  neither  goose  nor  diver, 
Neither  pelican  nor  heron, 
O'er  the  water  floating,  flying, 
Through  the  shining  mist  of  morning, 
But  a  birch  canoe  with  paddles, 
Rising,  sinking  on  the  water, 
Dripping,  flashing  in  the  sunshine, 
And  within  it  came  a  people 
From  the  distant  land  of  Wabun, 
From  the  farthest  realms  of  morning 
Came  the  Black-Robe  chief,  the  Prophet, 
He  the  Priest  of  Prayer,  the  Pale-face, 
With  his  guides  and  his  companions. 

And  the  noble  Hiawatha, 
With  his  hands  aloft  extended, 
Held  aloft  in  sign  of  welcome, 


238  THE  SONG  OF  HIAWATHA. 

Waited,  full  of  exultation, 

Till  the  birch  canoe  with  paddles 

Grated  on  the  shining  pebbles, 

Stranded  on  the  sandy  margin, 

Till  the  Black-Robe  chief,  the  Pale-face, 

With  the  cross  upon  his  bosom, 

Landed  on  the  sandy  margin. 

Then  the  joyous  Hiawatha 
Cried  aloud  and  spake  in  this  wise: 
"  Beautiful  is  the  sun,  O  strangers, 
When  you  come  so  far  to  see  us ! 
All  our  town  in  peace  awaits  you, 
All  our  doors  stand  open  for  you; 
You  shall  enter  all  our  wigwams, 
For  the  heart's  right  hand  we  give  you. 

"Never  bloomed  the  earth  so  gayly, 
Never  shone  the  sun  so  brightly, 
As  to-day  they  shine  and  blossom 
When  you  come  so  far  to  see  us ! 
Never  was  our  lake  so  tranquil, 
Nor  so  free  from  rocks  and  sand-bars; 
For  your  birch  canoe  in  passing 
Has  removed  both  rock  and  sand-bar! 

"Never  before  had  our  tobacco 


HIAWATHA'S   DEPARTURE.  239 

Such  a  sweet  and  pleasant  flavor, 
Never  the  broad  leaves  of  our  corn-fields 
Were  so  beautiful  to  look  on, 
As  they  seem  to  us  this  morning, 
When  you  come  so  far  to  see  us ! " 

And  the  Black-Robe  chief  made  answer, 
Stammered  in  his  speech  a  little, 
Speaking  words  yet  unfamiliar: 
"Peace  be  with  you,  Hiawatha, 
Peace  be  with  you  and  your  people, 
Peace  of  prayer,  and  peace  of  pardon, 
Peace  of  Christ,  and  joy  of   Mary ! " 

Then  the  generous  Hiawatha 
Led  the  strangers  to  his  wigwam, 
Seated  them  on  skins  of  bison, 
Seated  them  on  skins  of  ermine, 
And  the  careful,  old  Nokomis 
Brought  them  food  in  bowls  of  bass-wood, 
Water  brought  in  birchen  dippers, 
And  the  calumet,  the  peace-pipe, 
Filled  and  lighted  for  their  smoking. 

All  the  old  men  of  the  village, 
All  the  warriors  of  the  nation, 
All  the  Jossakeeds,  the  prophets, 


240  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

The  magicians,  the  Wabenos, 
And  the  medicine-men,  the  Medas, 
Came  to  bid  the  strangers  welcome; 
"It  is  well,"  they  said,  "O  brothers, 
That  you  come  so  far  to  see  us ! " 

In  a  circle  round  the  doorway, 
With  their  pipes  they  sat  in  silence, 
Waiting  to  behold  the  strangers, 
Waiting  to  receive  their  message-, 
Till  the  Black-Robe  chief,  the  Pale-face, 
From  the  wigwam  came  to  greet  them, 
Stammering  in  his  speech  a  little, 
Speaking  words  yet  unfamiliar; 
"It  is  well,"  they  said,  "O  brother, 
That  you  come  so  far  to  see  us!" 

Then  the  Black-Robe  chief,  the  prophet, 
Told  his  message  to  the  people, 
Told  the  purport  of  his  mission, 
Told  them  of  the  Virgin  Mary, 
And  her  blessed  Son,  the  Saviour, 
How  in  distant  lands  and  ages 
He  had  lived  on  earth  as  we  do; 
How  he  fasted,  prayed,  and  labored; 
How  the  Jews,  the  tribe  accursed, 


HIAWATHA'S   DEPARTURE.  241 

Mocked  him,  scourged  him,  crucified  him; 
How  he  rose  from  where  they  laid  him, 
Walked  again  with  his  disciples, 
And  ascended  into  heaven. 

And  the  chiefs  made  answer,  saying: 
"We  have  listened  to  your  message, 
We  have  heard  your  words  of  wisdom, 
We  will  think  on  what  you  tell  us. 
It  is  well  for  us,  O  brothers, 
That  you  come  so  far  to  see  us!" 

Then  they  rose  up  and  departed 
Each  one  homeward  to  his  wigwam, 
To  the  young  men  and  the  women 
Told  the  story  of  the  strangers 
Whom  the  Master  of  Life  had  sent  them 
From  the  shining  land  of  WTabun. 

Heavy  with  the  heat  and  silence 
Grew  the  afternoon  of  Summer; 
With  a  drowsy  sound  the  forest 
Whispered  round  the  sultry  wigwam, 
With  a  sound  of  sleep  the  water 
Rippled  on  the  beach  below  it; 
From  the  corn-fields  shrill  and  ceaseless 
Sang  the  grasshopper,  Pah-puk-keena: 


242  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

And  the  guests  of  Hiawatha, 
Weary  with  the  heat  of  Summer, 
Slumbered  in  the  sultry  wigwam. 

Slowly  o'er  the  simmering  landscape 
Fell  the  evening's  dusk  and  coolness, 
And  the  long  and  level  sunbeams 
Shot  their  spears  into  the  forest, 
Breaking  through  its  shields  of  shadow, 
Rushed  into  each  secret  ambush, 
Searched  each  thicket,  dingle,  hollow; 
Still  the  guests  of  Hiawatha 
Slumbered  in  the  silent  wigwam. 

From  his  place  rose  Hiawatha, 
Bade  farewell  to  old  Nokomis, 
Spake  in  whispers,  spake  in  this  wise, 
Did  not  wake  the  guests,  that  slumbered 

"I  am  going,  O  Nokomis, 
On  a  long  and  distant  journey, 
To  the  portals  of  the  Sunset, 
To  the  regions  of  the  home-wind, 
Of  the  Northwest  wind,  Keewaydin. 
But  these  guests  I  leave  behind  me, 
In  your  watch  and  ward  I  leave  them; 
See  that  never  harm  comes  near  them, 


HIAWATHA'S  DEPARTURE.  243 

See  that  never  fear  molests  them, 
Never  danger  nor  suspicion, 
Never  want  of  food  or  shelter, 
In  the  lodge  of  Hiawatha!" 

Forth  into  the  village  went  he, 
Bade  farewell  to  all  the  warriors, 
Bade  farewell  to  all  the  young  men, 
Spake  persuading,  spake  in  this  wise: 

"I  am  going,  O  my  people, 
On  a  long  and  distant  journey; 
Many  moons  and  many  winters 
Will  have  come,  and  will  have  vanished, 
Ere  I  come  again  to  see  you. 
But  my  guests  I  leave  behind  me; 
Listen  to  their  words  of  wisdom, 
Listen  to  the  truth  they  tell  you, 
For  the  Master  of  Life  has  sent  them 
From  the  land  of  light  and  morning!" 

••  •        — »• — 

On  the  shore  stood  Hiawatha, 
Turned  and  waved  his  hand  at  parting; 
On  the  clear  and  luminous  water 
Launched  his  birch  canoe  for  sailing, 
From  the  pebbles  of  the  margin 
Shoved  it  forth  into  the  water; 


244  THE  SONG   OF  HIAWATHA. 

Whispered  to  it,  "Westward!  westward!" 
And  with  speed  it  darted  forward. 

And  the  evening   sun  descending 
Set  the  clouds  on  fire  with  redness, 
Burned  the  broad  sky,  like  a  prairie, 
Left  upon  the  level  water 
One  long  track  and  trail  of  splendor, 
Down  whose  stream,  as  down  a  river, 
Westward,  westward  Hiawatha 
Sailed  into  the  fiery  sunset, 
Sailed  into  the  purple  vapors, 
Sailed  into  the  dusk  of  evening. 

And  the  people  from  the  margin 
Watched  him  floating,  rising,  sinking, 
Till  the  birch  canoe  seemed  lifted 
High  into  that  sea  of  splendor, 
Till  it  sank  into  the  vapors 
Like  the  new  moon  slowly,  slowly 
Sinking  in  the  purple  distance. 

And  they  said:  "Farewell  for  ever!" 
Said,  "  Farewell,  O  Hiawatha  !  " 
And  the  forests,  dark  and  lonely, 
Moved  through  all  their  depths  of  darkness, 
Sighed:  "Farewell,  O  Hiawatha!" 


DEPARTURE  245 

And  the  waves  upon  the  margin 
Rising,  rippling  on  the  pebbles, 
Sobbed:  "Farewell,  O   Hiawatha!" 
And  the  heron,  the  Shuh-shuh-gah, 
From  her  haunts  among  the  fen-lands, 
Screamed:  "Farewell,  O  Hiawatha!" 

Thus  departed  Hiawatha, 
Hiawatha  the  Beloved, 
In  the  glory  of  the  sunset, 
In  the  purple  mists  of  evening, 
To  the  regions  of  the  home-wind, 
Of  the  Northwest  wind  Keewaydin, 
To  the  Islands  of  the  Blessed, 
To  the  kingdom  of  Ponemah, 
To  the  land  of  the  Hereafter! 


GLOSSARY. 


Adjidau'mo,  the  red  squirrel. 
Ahdeek/,  the  reindeer. 


Ahmeek',  the  beaver. 
Ah/mo,  the  bee. 
Algon'quin,  Ojibway. 
Annemee'kee,  the  thunder. 
Apuk'wa,  a  bulrush. 
Baim-wa'wa,    the   sound  of  the 

thunder. 

Bemah'gut,  the  grape-vine. 
Be'na,  the  pheasant. 
Big-Sea  -Water,  Lake  Superior. 
Bukada'  win,  famine. 
Cheemaun',  a  birch  canoe. 
Chetowaik/,  the  plover. 
Chibia'bos,  a  musician  ;  friend  of 

Hiawatha',  ruler  in  the  Land 

of  Spirits. 

Dahin'da,  the  bull-frog. 
Dush-kwo-ne'-she,    or    Kwo-ne'- 

she,  the  dragon-fly. 
Esa,  sliame  upon  you. 
Ewa-yea',  lullaby. 
Ghee'zis,  the  sun. 
Gitche  Gu'mee,  the  Big-Sea-  Wa 

ter,  Lake  Superior. 
Gitche  Man'ito,  the  Great  Spirit, 

tlie  Master  of  Life. 


Gushkewau/,  the  darkness. 

Hiawa'tha,'  the  Wise  Man,  tht 
Teacher  ;  son  of  Mudjekeewis, 
the  West -Wind,  and  Weno- 
nah,  daughter  of  Nokomis. 

la'goo,  a  great  boaster  and  story 
teller. 

Inin'ewug,  men,  or  pawns  in  the 
Game  of  the  Bowl,  Wedgemen. 

Ishkoodah',  fire  ;  a  comet. 

Jee'bi,  a  ghost,  a  spirit. 

Joss^keed,  a  prophet. 

Ka'beyun,  the  West -Wind. 

Kabibonok'ka,  the  North -Wind. 

Kagli,  the  hedgehog. 

Ka'go,  do  not. 

Kahgahgee',  the  raven* 

Kaw,  no. 

Kaween',  no  indeed. 

Kayoshk',  the  sea-gull. 

Kee^o,  a  fish. 

Keeway'din,  the  Northwest  wind, 
the  Home-wind. 

Kena'beek,  a  serpent. 

Keneu7,  tfte  great  war-eagle. 

Kenc/zha,  the  pickerel. 

Ko'ko-ko'ho,  the  owl. 

Kuntassoc/,  the  Game  of  Plum- 
stones. 


247 


248 


GLOSSARY. 


Kwa'sind,  the  Strong  Man. 
Kwo-ne'-she,    or    Dush-kwo-ne 

she,  'the  dragon-fly. 
Mahnahbe'zee,  the  swan, 
Mahng,  the  loon. 
Mahn-go-tay'see,       loon-hearted, 

brave. 

Mahnomc/nee,  wild  rice. 
Ma'ma,  the  woodpecker. 
Man'ito,  spirit. 
Maskeno'zha,  the  pike. 
Me'da,  a  medicine-man, 
Me'damin,  the  art  of  healing. 
Meenah'ga,  th&  blueberry. 
Megissog'won,  the  great   Pearl- 
Feather,  a  magician,  and  the 
Manito  of  Wealth. 
Meshinau'wa,  a  pipe-bearer. 
Minjekah/wun,  Hiawatha's  mit 
tens, 

Minneha/ha,  Laughing  Water; 
a  water-fall  on  a  stream  run 
ning  into  the  Mississippi,  be 
tween  Fort  Smiling  and  the 
Falls  of  St.  A  nthony. 
Minneha'ha,  Laughing  Water; 

wife  of  Hiawatha. 
Minne-wa'wa,  a  pleasant  sound, 

as  of  the  wind  in  the  trees. 
Mishe-Mo'kwa,  the  Great  Bear. 
Mishe-Nah'ma,  the   Great  Stur 
geon. 
Miskodeed',  the   Spring- Beauty, 

the  Claytonia    Virginica. 
Mitche  Manito,  spirit  of  evil. 
Monda'min,  maize;  Indian  corn. 
Moon  of  Bright  Nights,  April. 
Moon  of  Leaves,  May. 
Moon  of  Strawberries,  June. 
Moon  of  the  Falling  Leaves,  Sep 
tember. 


Moon  of  Snow-shoes,  November 
Mudjekee'wis,  the   West -Wind', 

father  of  Hiawatha. 
Mudway-aush'ka,  sound  of  waves 

on  a  shore. 

Mushkoda'sa,  the  grouse. 
Mus'koday,  the  meadow. 
Nah'ma,  the  sturgeon. 
Nah'ma-wusk,  spearmint. 
Na'gow  Wudj'oo,  the  SandDune3 

of  Lake  Superior. 
Nawada'ha,  a  sweet  singer. 
Nee-ba-naw'-baigs,  water-spirits. 
Nenemoo'sha,  sweetheart. 
Nepah'win,  spirit  of  sleep. 
Nokof  mis,  a  grandmother  ;  moth 
er  of  Wenonah. 
NVsa)  my  father. 
Nush^a,  look  !  look  ! 
Odah'min,  the  strawberry. 
Ojeeg',    tJie    summer-water,    the 

Fisher   Weasel. 

Okahah'wis,  the  fresh-water  her 
ring. 

Ome'me,  the  pigeon 
Ona'gon,  a  bowl. 
Onaway7,  awake. 
Ope'chee,  the  robin. 
Osse'o,  Son  of  the  Evening  Star. 
Owais'sa,  the  blue-bird. 
Oweenee/,  wife  of  Osseo. 
Ozawaxbeek,   a    round   piece   of 
brass  or  copper  in  the  Game  of 
the  Bowl. 

Pah-puk-kee'na,  the  grasshopper. 
Paimosaid',  the  stealthy  walker, 

thief. 

Pau'guk,  death. 
Pau-Puk-Kee'wis,   the  handsome 

Yenadizze,  the  Storm  Fool. 
Pauwa'ting,  Saut  Sainte  Marie. 


GLOSSARY. 


249 


Pe'boan,  Winter. 

Pem'ican,    meat  of  the   deer  or 

buffalo  dried  and  pounded. 
Pezhekee',  the  bison. 
Pishnekuh',  the  brant. 
Pone'mah,  hereafter. 
Pugasaing',  Game  of  the  Bowl. 
Pugamau'gun ,  a  -war-club. 
Pukwana,   smoke    of  the    Peace 

Pipe. 
Puk-Wudj'ies,  little  wild  men  of 

the  -woods  ;  pigmies. 
Sah-sah-je'-wun,  rapids. 
Sah'wa,  the  perch. 
Sebowish/a,  a  rivulet,  brook. 
Segwun',  Spring. 
Sha'da,  the  pelican. 
Shab.be/niin,  the  gooseberry. 
Shah'-shah,  long  ago. 
Shaugoda'ya,  a  coward. 
Shawgashee',  the  craw-fish. 
Shawonda'see,  the  South-Wind. 
Shaw-shaw,  the  swallow. 
Shesh/ebwug,  ducks ;  pieces  in  the 

Game  of  the  Bowl. 
Shin'gebis,  the  diver,  or  grebe. 
Showain/neme/shin,/^  me. 
Shuh-shuh/-gah,  the  blue  heron 
Soan-ge-ta'ha,  strong-hearted. 
Subbeka'she,  the  spider. 
Sugge'ma,  the  mosquito. 


Tarr/arack,  the  larch-tree. 
Tawasen/tha,  Norman's  Kill,  Al 
bany  County,  New  York. 
Tc/tem,  family  coat-qf-arms. 
Ugh.  yes. 

Ugudwasb/,  the  stin-fish. 
Unktahee',  the  god  of  water. 
Wabas'so,  the  rabbit;  the  North. 
Wabe'no,  a  magician,  a  juggler. 
Wabe/no-wusk,  yarrow. 
Wa'bun,  the  East -Wind. 
Wa7bun  An'nung,  the  Star  of  the 

East,  the  Morning  Star. 
Wa'gemin,  crooked  grain,  thief  of 

cornfields. 

Wahonc/win,  a  cry  of  lamenta 
tion. 

Wah-wah-tay/see,  the  fire-fly. 
Wam'pum,  beads  of  shell. 
Waubewy'on,  a  white  skin  wrap- 

Per. 

Wa'wa,  the  wild-goose. 
Wav/beek,  a  rock. 
Waw-be-wa'wa,  the  white  goose. 
Wawonais'sa,  the  whippoorwill. 
Way-muk-kwa'na,  the  caterpillar. 
Wen'digoes,  giants. 
Weno7nah ,   H iawatha1  s   mother, 

daughter  of  Nokomis. 
Yenadiz'ze,  an  idler  and  gambler  ; 
an  Indian  dandy. 


NOTES. 


THE  SONG  OF  HIAWATHA. — This  Indian  Edda  —  if  I 
may  so  call  it  —  is  founded  on  a  tradition  prevalent  among 
the  North  American  Indians,  of  a  personage  of  miracu 
lous  birth,  who  was  sent  among  them  to  clear  their  rivers, 
forests,  and  fishing-grounds,  and  to  teach  them  the  arts  of 
peace.  He  was  known  among  different  tribes  by  the  sev 
eral  names  of  Michabou,  Chiabo,  Manabozo,  Tarenyawa- 
gon,  and  Hiawatha.  Mr.  Schoolcraft  gives  an  account  of 
him  in  his  Algic  Researches,  Vol.  I.,  p.  134  [see  Appen 
dix];  and  in  his  History,  Condition,  and  Prospects  of  the 
Indian  Tribes  of  the  United  States,  Part  III.,  p.  314,  may 
be  found  the  Iroquois  form  of  the  tradition,  derived  from 
the  verbal  narrations  of  an  Onondaga  chief. 

Into  this  old  tradition  I  have  woven  other  curious 
Indian  legends,  drawn  chiefly  from  the  various  and  valu 
able  writings  of  Mr.  Schoolcraft,  to  whom  the  literary 
world  is  greatly  indebted  for  his  indefatigable  zeal  in  res 
cuing  from  oblivion  so  much  of  the  legendary  lore  of  the 
Indians. 

The  scene  of  the  poem  is  among  the  Ojibways  on  the 
southern  shore  of  Lake  Superior,  in  the  region  between 
the  Pictured  Rocks  and  the  Grand  Sable. 

251 


252  NOTES. 

Page  3.     In  the  Vale  of  Taiuasentha. 

This  valley,  now  called  Norman's  Kill,  is  in  Albany 
County,  New  York. 

Page  7.      On  the  Mountains  of  the  Prairie. 

Mr.  Catlin,  in  his  Letters  and  Notes  on  the  Manners, 
Customs,  and  Condition  of  the  North  American  Indians, 
Vol.  II.,  p.  160,  gives  an  interesting  account  of  the  Cdteau 
des  Prairies,  and  the  Red  Pipe-stone  Quarry.  He  says :  — 

"  Here  (according  to  their  traditions)  happened  the 
mysterious  birth  of  the  red  pipe,  which  has  blown  its 
fumes  of  peace  and  war  to  the  remotest  corners  of  the 
continent ;  which  has  visited  every  warrior,  and  passed 
through  its  reddened  stem  the  irrevocable  oath  of  war  and 
desolation.  And  here  also  the  peace-breathing  calumet 
was  born,  and  fringed  with  the  eagle's  quills,  which  has 
shed  its  thrilling  fumes  over  the  land,  and  soothed  the 
fury  of  the  relentless  savage. 

"The  Great  Spirit  at  an  ancient  period  here  called  the 
Indian  nations  together,  and  standing  on  the  precipice  of 
the  red  pipe-stone  rock,  broke  from  its  wall  a  piece,  and 
made  a  huge  pipe  by  turning  it  in  his  hand,  which  he 
smoked  over  them,  and  to  the  North,  the  South,  the  East, 
and  the  West,  and  told  them  that  this  stone  was  red,  — 
that  it  was  their  flesh,  —  that  they  must  use  it  for  their 
pipes  of  peace,  —  that  it  belonged  to  them  all,  and  that 
the  war-club  and  scalping-knife  must  not  be  raised  on  its 
ground.  At  the  last  whiff  of  his  pipe  his  head  went  into 
a  great  cloud,  and  the  whole  surface  of  the  rock  for  sev 
eral  miles  was  melted  and  glazed  ;  two  great  ovens  were 
opened  beneath,  and  two  women  (guardian  spirits  of  the 
place)  entered  them  in  a  blaze  of  fire;  and  they  are  heard 


NOTES.  253 

there  yet  (Tso-mec-cos-tee  and  Tso-me-cos-te-won-dee), 
answering  to  the  invocations  of  the  high-priests  or  medi 
cine-men,  who  consult  them  when  they  are  visitors  to  this 
sacred  place." 

Page  17.     Hark  you ,  Bear  !  you  are  a  coward. 

This  anecdote  is  from  Heckewelder.  In  his  account 
of  the  Indian  Nations,  he  describes  an  Indian  hunter  as 
addressing  a  bear  in  nearly  these  words.  "I  was  pres 
ent,"  he  says,  "at  the  delivery  of  this  curious  invective  ; 
when  the  hunter  had  despatched  the  bear,  I  asked  him 
how  he  thought  that  poor  animal  could  understand  what 
he  said  to  it  ?  '  O,'  said  he  in  answer,  '  the  bear  under 
stood  me  very  well  ;  did  you  not  observe  how  ashamed  he 
looked  while  I  was  upbraiding  him  ?  '  "  —  Transactions 
of  the  American  Philosophical  Society,  Vol.  I.,  p.  240. 

Page  31.     Hush  !  the  Naked  Bear  -will  get  thee  ! 

Heckewelder,  in  a  letter  published  in  the  Transactions 
of  the  American  Philosophical  Society,  Vol.  IV.,  p.  260, 
speaks  of  this  tradition  as  prevalent  among  the  Mohicans 
and  Delawares. 

"Their  reports,"  he  says,  "run  thus  :  that  among  all 
animals  that  had  been  formerly  in  this  country,  this  was 
the  most  ferocious  ;  that  it  was  much  larger  than  the 
largest  of  the  common  bears,  and  remarkably  long- 
bodied  ;  all  over  (except  a  spot  of  hair  on  its  back  of  a 
white  color)  naked.  .  .  . 

"The  history  of  this  animal  used  to  be  a  subject  of  con 
versation  among  the  Indians,  especially  when  in  the 
woods  a  hunting.  I  have  also  heard  them  say  to  their 
children  when  crying  :  '  Hush !  the  naked  bear  will  hear 
you,  be  upon  you,  and  devour  you.'  " 


254  NOTES. 

Page  50.      Where  the  Falls  of  Minnehaha,  etc. 

"The  scenery  about  Fort  Snelling  is  rich  in  beauty. 
The  Falls  of  St.  Anthony  are  familiar  to  travellers,  and 
to  readers  of  Indian  sketches.  Between  the  fort  and  these 
falls  are  the  'Little  Falls,'  forty  feet  in  height,  on  a 
stream  that  empties  into  the  Mississippi.  The  Indians 
call  them  Mine-hah-hah,  or  'laughing  waters.'  " — Mrs. 
Eastman's  Dacotah,  or  Legends  of  the  Sioux,  Introduction, 
p.  ii. 

Page  122.     Sand  Hills  of  the  Nagow  Wudjoo  ! 

A  description  of  the  Grand  Sable,  or  great  sand  dunes 
of  Lake  Superior,  is  given  in  Foster  and  Whitney's  Re 
port  on  the  Geology  of  the  Lake  Superior  Land  District, 
Part  II.,  p.  131. 

"The  Grand  Sable  possesses  a  scenic  interest  little  in 
ferior  to  that  of  the  Pictured  Rocks.  The  explorer  passes 
abruptly  from  a  coast  of  consolidated  sand  to  one  of  loose 
materials  ;  and  although  in  the  one  case  the  cliffs  are  less 
precipitous,  yet  in  the  other  they  attain  a  higher  altitude. 
He  sees  before  him  a  long  reach  of  coast,  resembling  a 
vast  sand-bank,  more  than  three  hundred  and  fifty  feet  in 
height,  without  a  trace  of  vegetation.  Ascending  to  the 
top,  rounded  hillocks  of  blown  sand  are  observed,  with 
occasional  clumps  of  trees,  standing  out  like  oases  in  the 
desert." 

Page  123.      Onaway  !  Awake,  beloved! 

The  original  of  this  song  maybe  found  in  Litteirs Liv 
ing  Age,  Vol.  XXV.,  p.  45.  See  Appendix. 

Page  128.      Or  the  Red  Swan  floating,  flying. 

The  fanciful  tradition  of  the  Red  Swan  may  be  found 
in  Schoolcraft's  Algic  Researches,  Vol.  II,,  p.  9.  Three 


NOTES.  255 

brothers  were  hunting  on  a  wager  to  see  who  would  bring 
home  the  first  game. 

"They  were  to  shoot  no  other  animal,"  so  the  legend 
says,  "  but  such  as  each  was  in  the  habit  of  killing. 
They  set  out  different  ways  ;  Odjibwa,  the  youngest,  had 
not  gone  far  before  he  saw  a  bear,  an  animal  he  was  not 
to  kill,  by  the  agreement.  lie  followed  him  close,  and 
drove  an  arrow  through  him,  which  brought  him  to  the 
ground.  Although  contrary  to  the  bet,  he  immediately 
commenced  skinning  him,  when  suddenly  something  red 
tinged  all  the  air  around  him.  He  rubbed  his  eyes,  think 
ing  he  was  perhaps  deceived,  but  without  effect,  for  the 
red  hue  continued.  At  length  he  heard  a  strange  noise  at 
a  distance.  It  first  appeared  like  a  human  voice;  but  after 
following  the  sound  for  some  distance,  he  reached  the 
shores  of  a  lake,  and  soon  saw  the  object  he  was  looking 
for.  At  a  distance  out  in  the  lake  sat  a  most  beautiful 
Red  Swan,  whose  plumage  glittered  in  the  sun,  and  who 
would  now  and  then  make  the  same  noise  he  had  heard. 
He  was  within  long  bow-shot,  and  pulling  the  arrow  from 
the  bow-string  up  to  his  ear,  took  deliberate  aim  and  shot. 
The  arrow  took  no  effect  ;  and  he  shot  and  shot  again  till 
his  quiver  was  empty.  Still  the  swan  remained,  moving 
round  and  round,  stretching  its  long  neck  and  dipping  its 
bill  into  the  water,  as  if  heedless  of  the  arrows  shot  at  it. 
Odjibwa  ran  home,  and  got  all  his  own  and  his  brother's 
arrows,  and  shot  them  all  away.  He  then  stood  and 
gazed  at  the  beautiful  bird.  While  standing,  he  remem 
bered  his  brother's  saying  that  in  their  deceased  father's 
medicine-sack  were  three  magic  arrows.  Off  he  started, 
his  anxiety  to  kill  the  swan  overcoming  all  scruples.  At 
any  other  time  he  would  have  deemed  it  sacrilege  to  open 


256  NOTES. 

his  father's  medicine-sack  ;  but  now  he  hastily  seized  the 
three  arrows  and  ran  back,  leaving  the  other  contents  of 
the  sack  scattered  over  the  lodge.  The  swan  was  still 
there.  He  shot  the  first  arrow  with  great  precision,  and 
came  very  near  to  it.  The  second  came  still  closer  ;  as  he 
took  the  last  arrow,  he  felt  his  arm  firmer,  and  drawing  it 
up  with  vigor,  saw  it  pass  through  the  neck  of  the  swan  a 
little  above  the  breast.  Still  it  did  not  prevent  the  bird 
from  flying  off,  which  it  did,  however,  at  first  slowly,  flap 
ping  its  wings  and  rising  gradually  into  the  air,  and  then 
flying  off  toward  the  sinking  of  the  sun."  —  Pp.  10-12. 

Page  143.      When  I  think  of  my  belov&d. 

The  original  of  this  song  may  be  found  in  Onedla, 
P-  J5- 

Page  144.     Sing  the  mysteries  of  Mondamin. 

The  Indians  hold  the  maize,  or  Indian  coin,  in  great 
veneration.  "They  esteem  it  so  important  and  divine  a 
grain,"  says  Schoolcraft,  "  that  their  story-tellers  invented 
various  tales,  in  which  this  idea  is  symbolized  under  the 
form  of  a  special  gift  from  the  Great  Spirit.  The  Odjibwa- 
Algonquins,  who  call  it  Mon-da-min,  that  is,  the  Spirit's 
grain  or  berry,  have  a  pretty  story  of  this  kind,  in  which 
the  stalk  in  full  tassel  is  represented  as  descending  from 
the  sky,  under  the  guise  of  a  handsome  youth,  in  answer 
to  the  prayers  of  a  young  man  at  his  fast  of  virility,  or 
coming  to  manhood. 

"  It  is  well  known  that  corn-planting  and  corn-gather 
ing,  at  least  among  all  the  still  uncolonized  tribes,  are  left 
entirely  to  the  females  and  children,  and  a  few  superan 
nuated  old  men.  It  is  not  generally  known,  perhaps,  that 
this  labor  is  not  compulsory,  and  that  it  is  assumed  by  the 


NOTES.  257 

females  as  a  just  equivalent,  in  their  view,  for  the  onerous 
and  continuous  labor,  of  the  other  sex,  in  providing  meats 
and  skins  for  clothing  by  the  chase,  and  in  defending 
their  villages  against  their  enemies,  and  keeping  intruders 
off  their  territories.  A  good  Indian  housewife  deems  this 
a  part  of  her  prerogative^  and  prides  herself  to  have  a 
store  of  corn  to  exercise  her  hospitality,  or  duly  honor 
her  husband's  hospitality,  in  the  entertainment  of  the 
lodge  guests." — Oneota,  p.  82. 

Page  146.      Thus  the  fields  shall  be  more  fruitful. 

"A  singular  proof  of  this  belief,  in  b6th  sexes,  of  the 
mysterious  influence  of  the  steps  of  a  woman  on  the  vege 
table  and  insect  creation,  is  found  in  an  ancient  custom, 
which  was  related  to  me,  respecting  corn-planting.  It 
was  the  practice  of  the  hunter's  wife,  when  the  field  of 
corn  had  been  planted,  to  choose  the  first  dark  or  over 
clouded  evening  to  perform  a  secret  circuit,  sans  habille- 
ment,  around  the  field.  For  this  purpose  she  slipped  out 
of  the  lodge  in  the  evening,  unobserved,  to  some  obscure 
nook,  where  she  completely  disrobed.  Then,  taking  her 
matchecota,  or  principal  garment,  in  one  hand,  she  dragged 
it  around  the  field.  This  was  thought  to  insure  a  prolific 
crop,  and  to  prevent  the  assaults  of  insects  and  worms 
upon  the  grain.  It  was  supposed  they  could  not  creep 
over  the  charmed  line."  —  Oneota,  p.  83. 

Page  150.      With  his  prisoner-string  he  bound  him. 

"These  cords,"  says  Mr.  Tanner,  "are  made  of  the 
bark  of  the  elm-tree,  by  boiling  and  then  immersing  it  in 
cold  water.  .  .  .  The  leader  of  a  war  party  commonly 
carries  several  fastened  about  his  waist ;  and  if,  in  the 


258  NOTES. 

course  of  the  fight,  any  one  of  his  young  men  takes  a 
prisoner,  it  is  his  duty  to  bring  him  immediately  to  the 
chief,  to  be  tied,  and  the  latter  is  responsible  for  his  safe 
keeping."  —  Narrative  of  Captivity  and  Adventures, 
p.  412. 

Page  153-      Wagemin,  the  thief  of 'corn-fields  ! 
Paimosaid,  the  skulking  robber  ! 

"  If  one  of  the  young  female  huskers  finds  a  red ear  of 
corn,  it  is  typical  of  a  brave  admirer,  and  is  regarded  as  a 
fitting  present  to  some  young  warrior.  But  if  the  ear  be 
crooked,  and  tapering  to  a  point,  no  matter  what  color, 
the  whole  circle  is  set  in  a  roar,  and  wa-ge-min  is  the 
word  shouted  aloud.  It  is  the  symbol  of  a  thief  in  the 
corn-field.  It  is  considered  as  the  image  of  an  old  man 
stooping  as  he  enters  the  lot.  Had  the  chisel  of  Praxite 
les  been  employed  to  produce  this  image,  it  could  not 
more  vividly  bring  to  the  minds  of  the  merry  group  the 
idea  of  a  pilferer  of  their  favorite  mondamin.  .  .  . 

"The  literal  meaning  of  the  term  is  a  mass,  or 
crooked  ear  of  grain  ;  but  the  ear  of  corn  so  called  is  a 
conventional  type  of  a  little  old  man  pilfering  ears  of  corn 
in  a  corn-field.  It  is  in  this  manner  that  a  single  word  or 
term,  in  these  curious  languages,  becomes  the  fruitful 
parent  of  many  ideas.  And  we  can  thus  perceive  why  it 
is  that  the  word  wagemin  is  alone  competent  to  excite 
merriment  in  the  husking  circle. 

"This  term  is  taken  as  the  basis  of  the  cereal  chorus, 
or  corn  song,  as  sung  by  the  Northern  Algonquin  tribes. 
It  is  coupled  with  the  phrase  Paimosaid,  —  a  permutative 
form  of  the  Indian  substantive,  made  from  the  verb/zw- 
o-sa,  to  walk.  Its  literal  meaning  is,  he  who  walks,  or  the 
•walker ;  but  the  ideas  conveyed  by  it  are,  he  who  walks 


NOTES. 


259 


by  night  to  pilfer  corn.  It  offers,  therefore,  a  kind  of  par 
allelism  in  expression  to  the  preceding  term." —  Oneota, 
p.  254. 

Page  176.     Pugasaing,  with  thirteen  pieces. 
This  Game  of  the  Bowl  is  the  principal  game  of  hazard 
among  the  Northern  tribes  of  Indians.     Mr.  Schoolcraft 
gives  a  particular  account  of  it  in  Oneota,  p.  85.     "This 
game,"  he  says,  "  is  very  fascinating  to  some  portions  of 
the  Indians.     They  stake  at  it  their  ornaments,  weapons, 
clothing,  cmoes,  horses,  everything  in  fact  they  possess  ; 
and  have  been  known,  it  is  said,  to  set  up  their  wives  and 
children,  and  even  to  forfeit  their  own  liberty.     Of  such 
desperate  stakes  I  have  seen  no  examples,  nor  do  I  think 
the  game  itself  in  common  use.     It  is  rather  confined  to 
certain  persons,  who  hold  the  relative  rank  of  gamblers  in 
Indian  society,  —  men  who  are  not  noted  as  hunters  or 
warriors,  or  steady  providers  for  their  families.     Among 
these  are  persons  who  bear  the  term  of  lenadizze-wug, 
that  is,   wanderers  about  the   country,  braggadocios,  or 
fops.     It  can  hardly  be  classed  with  the  popular  games  of 
amusement,  by  which  skill  and  dexterity  are  acquired.     I 
have  generally  found  the  chiefs  and  graver  men  of  the 
tribes,  who  encouraged  the  young  men  to  play  ball,  and 
are  sure  to  be  present  at  the  customary  sports,  to  witness 
and  sanction  and  applaud  them,  speak  lightly  and  dis 
paragingly  of    this  game    of   hazard.     Yet  it   cannot   be 
denied  that  some  of  the  chiefs,  distinguished  in  war  and 
the  chase  at  the  West,  can  be  referred  to  as  lending  their 
example  to  its  fascinating  power." 

See  also  his  History,  Condition,  and  Prospects  of  the 
Indian  Tribes,  Part  II.,  p.  72. 


260  NOTES. 

Page  197.      To  the  Pictured  Rocks  of  sandstone. 

The  reader  will  find  a  long  description  of  the  Pictured 
Rocks  in  Foster  and  Whitney's  Report  on  the  Geology  of 
the  Lake  Superior  Land  District ',  Part  II.,  p.  124.  From 
this  I  make  the  following  extract :  — 

"The  Pictured  Rocks  may  be  described,  in  general 
terms,  as  a  series  of  sandstone  bluffs  extending  along  the 
shore  of  Lake  Superior  for  about  five  miles,  and  rising,  in 
most  places,  vertically  from  the  water,  without  any  beach 
at  the  base,  to  a  height  varying  from  fifty  to  nearly  two 
hundred  feet.  Were  they  simply  a  line  of  cliffs,  they 
might  not,  so  far  as  relates  to  height  or  extent,  be  worthy 
of  a  rank  among  great  natural  curiosities,  although  such 
an  assemblage  of  rocky  strata,  washed  by  the  waves  of 
the  great  lake,  would  not,  under  any  circumstances,  be 
destitute  of  grandeur.  To  the  voyager  coasting  along 
their  base  in  his  frail  canoe,  they  would  at  all  times  be 
an  object  of  dread  ;  the  recoil  of  the  surf,  the  rock- 
bound  coast,  affording  for  miles  no  place  of  refuge,  the 
lowering  sky,  the  rising  wind,  all  these  would  excite  his 
apprehension,  and  induce  him  to  ply  a  vigorous  oar  until 
the  dreaded  wall  was  passed.  But  in  the  Pictured  Rocks 
there  are  two  features  which  communicate  to  the  scenery 
a  wonderful  and  almost  unique  character.  These  are, 
first,  the  curious  manner  in  which  the  cliffs  have  been  ex 
cavated  and  worn  away  by  the  action  of  the  lake,  which 
for  centuries  has  dashed  an  ocean-like  surf  against  their 
base  ;  and  second,  the  equally  curious  manner  in  which 
large  portions  of  the  surface  have  been  colored  by  bands 
of  brilliant  hues. 

"It  is  from  the  latter  circumstance  that  the  name  by 
which  these  cliffs  are  known  to  the  American  traveller  is 


NOTES.  261 

derived  ;  while  that  applied  to  them  by  the  French  voy- 
ageurs  ('Les  Portails')  is  derived  from  the  former,  and 
by  far  the  most  striking  peculiarity. 

"  The  term  Pictured  Rocks  has  been  in  use  for  a  great 
length  of  time  ;  but  when  it  was  first  applied  we  have 
been  unable  to  discover.  It  would  seem  that  the  first 
travellers  were  more  impressed  with  the  novel  and  strik 
ing  distribution  of  colors  on  the  surface  than  with  the 
astonishing  variety  of  form  into  which  the  cliffs  them 
selves  have  been  worn.  .  .  . 

"Our  voyageurs  had  many  legends  to  relate  of  the 
pranks  of  the  Menni-bojou  in  these  caverns,  and  in 
answer  to  our  inquiries,  seemed  disposed  to  fabricate 
stories  without  end  of  the  achievements  of  this  Indian 
deity." 

Page  236.      Toward  the  sun  his  hands  were  lifted. 

In  this  manner,  and  with  such  salutations,  was  Father 
Marquette  received  by  the  Illinois.  See  his  Voyages  et 
Decouvertes,  Section  V. 


APPENDIX.  263 


APPENDIX, 


ILLUSTRATIVE  SELECTIONS  FROM  SCHOOLCRAFT. 

Showing-  the  sources  from   -which  Longfellow  took   materials  for 
Hiawatha. 

HENRY  R.  SCHOOLCRAFT,  in  his  great  but  ill-digested 
compilation  on  the  American  Indians,  gives  the  following 
account  of  Manabozho:  — 

"At  a  certain  time  a  great  Manito  came  on  earth,  and 
took  a  wife  of  men.  She  had  four  sons  at  a  birth,  and 
died  in  ushering  them  into  the  world.  The  first  was 
Manabozho,  who  is  the  friend  of  the  human  race.  The 
second  was  Chibiabos,1  who  has  the  care  of  the  dead,  and 
presides  over  the  country  of  souls.  The  third  was  Wa- 
basso,  who,  as  soon  as  he  saw  light,  fled  to  the  North, 
where  he  was  changed  into  a  white  rabbit,  and,  under  that 
name,  is  considered  a  great  spirit.  The  fourth  was  Cho- 
kanipok,  or  the  man  of  flint,  or  the  fire-stone. 

"Whenever  the  Algonkins  gathered  around  the  winter 
fire,  they  never  wearied  of  repeating  the  story  of  Mana 
bozho  or  Michabo,  the  Great  Hare,  of  whom  they  spoke 
as  their  common  ancestor,  and  the  clan  that  bore  his  totem 
was  looked  up  to  with  peculiar  respect.  He  was  the  pa- 
1  Page  66. 


264  APPENDIX. 

tron  and  founder  of  the  Meda  worship,  the  inventor  of 
picture-writing,  the  father  and  guardian  of  their  nation, 
the  ruler  of  the  winds,  even  the  maker  and  preserver  of 
the  world,  and  the  creator  of  the  sun  and  moon.  From 
a  grain  of  sand  brought  from  the  bottom  of  the  primeval 
ocean  he  fashioned  the  habitable  land,  and  set  it  floating 
on  the  waters.  Manabozho  appears  in  reality  to  have  been 
the  personification  of  the  purest  conception  the  Indian 
possessed  concerning  the  Deity. 

"The  first  thing  Manabozho  did  when  he  grew  up  was 
to  go  to  war  against  Chokanipok,  whom  he  accused  of  his 
mother's  death.  The  contests  between  them  were  fright 
ful  and  long-continued  ;  and  wherever  they  had  a  combat, 
the  face  of  nature  still  shows  signs  of  it.  Fragments  were 
cut  from  Chokanipok's  flesh,  which  were  transformed  into 
stones;  and  Manabozho  finally  destroyed  his  antagonist  by 
tearing  out  his  entrails,  which  were  changed  into  vines. 
All  the  flint-stones  which  are  scattered  over  the  earth  were 
produced  this  way,  and  they  supplied  men  with  the  prin 
ciple  of  fire. 

"  Manabozho  was  the  author  of  arts  and  improvements. 
He  taught  men  how  to  make  agakwuts  (axes),  lances,  and 
arrow-points,  and  all  implements  of  bone  and  stone,  and 
also  how  to  make  snares  and  traps  and  nets,  to  take  ani 
mals  and  birds  and  fishes." 

Hiawatha,  on  the  other  hand,  —  the  name  signifying 
"surpassing  all  in  wisdom,"  —  though  sometimes  con 
fused  with  Manabozho,  was  a  very,  different  character.  He 
was  known  in  the  legend  as  "  the  mischief-maker,"  "  the 
impersonation  of  evil,  the  essential  badness,  combined  with 
low  cunning,  ineffable  weakness,  and  the  paltriest  ambi 
tion  ;"  but  in  Indian  history  he  is  supposed,  under  the 


APPENDIX.  265 

name  of  Tarenyawagan,  to  have  been  a  genuine  character, 
who  at  the  end  of  the  seventeenth  century,  by  his  genius 
for  organizing,  welded  the  five  nations  into  a  sort  of  re 
public.  De  Costa,  who  felt  called  to  improve  on  Long 
fellow's  poem,  says:  — 

"  Essential  republicanism  in  this  country  began  with 
the  League  of  the  Five  Nations,  who  were  taught  the 
advantages  of  the  system  by  Hiawatha." 

Mr.  Schoolcraft  in  his  Algic  Researches^  gives  the  fol 
lowing  legends,  which  are  interesting  to  read  in  connec 
tion  with  Longfellow's  Hiawatha.  They  are  somewhat 
condensed. 

SHAWONDASEE. 

MUDJEKEWIS  and  nine  2  brothers  conquered  the  Mam 
moth  Bear,  and  obtained  the  Sacred  Belt  of  Wampum,  the 
great  means  of  happiness  to  men.  The  chief  honor  of 
this  achievement  was  awarded  to  Mudjekewis,  the  youngest 
of  the  ten,  who  received  the  government  of  the  West 
Winds.  He  is  therefore  called  Kabeyun,  the  father  of  the 
Winds.  To  his  son  Wabun,  he  gave  the  East;  to  Sha- 
wondasee  the  South,  and  to  Kabibonokka  the  North. 

Shawondasee  is  represented  as  an  affluent,  plethoric  old 
man,  who  has  grown  unwieldy  from  repletion,  and  seldom 
moves.  He  keeps  his  eyes  steadily  fixed  on  the  North. 
When  he  sighs  in  autumn,  we  have  those  balmy  southern 
airs  which  communicate  warmth  and  delight  on  the  north 
ern  hemisphere,  and  make  the  Indian  Summer. 

1  Algic  Researches,  Comprising  Inquiries  Respecting  the  Mental 
Characteristics  of  the  North  American  Indians.      HENRY   ROWK 
SCHOOLCRAFT.     New  York,  1839. 

2  Page  it. 


266  APPENDIX. 

One  day,  while  gazing  toward  the  North,  he  beheld  a 
beautiful  young  woman  of  slender  and  majestic  form  stand 
ing  on  the  plains.1  She  appeared  in  the  same  place  for 
several  days  ;  but  what  most  attracted  his  admiration  was 
her  bright  and  flowing  locks  of  yellow  hair.  Ever  dila 
tory,  however,  he  contented  himself  with  gazing.  At 
length  he  saw,  or  fancied  he  saw,  her  head  enveloped  in 
a  pure  white  mass  like  snow.  This  excited  his  jealousy 
toward  his  brother  Kabibonokka,  and  he  threw  out  a  suc 
cession  of  short  and  rapid  sighs,  when  lo !  the  air  was 
filled  with  light  filaments  of  a  silvery  hue,  but  the  object 
of  his  affections  had  forever  vanished. 

In  reality  the  southern  airs  had  blown  off  the  fine 
winged  seed-vessels  of  the  prairie  dandelion. 


MANABOZHO. 

THE  accounts  which  the  Indians  hand  down  of  a  re 
markable  personage  of  miraculous  birth,  who  waged  a 
warfare  with  monsters,  performed  the  most  extravagant 
and  heroic  feats,  underwent  a  catastrophe  like  Jonah's, 
and  survived  a  general  deluge,  constitute  a  very  promi 
nent  portion  of  their  cabin  lore.  Whatever  man  could  do, 
he  could  do.  He  affected  all  the  powers  of  a  necroman 
cer.  He  wielded  the  arts  of  a  demon,  and  had  the  ubiq 
uity  of  a  god.  He  leaps  over  extensive  regions  of  country 
like  an  ignis  fatuus.  He  appears  suddenly  like  an  avatar, 
or  saunters  over  weary  wastes  a  poor  and  starving  hunter. 
His  voice  is  at  one  moment  deep  and  sonorous  as  a 
thunder-clap,  and  at  another  clothed  with  the  softness  of 

1  Page  25. 


APPENDIX.  267 

feminine  supplication.  His  birth  and  parentage  are  ob 
scure.  Story  says  his  grandmother  was  the  daughter  of 
the  moon.  Having  been  married  but  a  short  time,  her 
rival  attracted  her  to  a  grape-vine  swing  on  the  banks 
of  a  lake,  and  by  one  bold  exertion  pitched  her  into  its 
centre,  from  which  she  fell  through  to  the  earth.1  Having 
a  daughter,  the  fruit  of  her  lunar  marriage,  she  was  very 
careful  in  instructing  her,  from  early  infancy,  to  beware  of 
the  west  wind,  and  never,  in  stooping,  to  expose  herself 
to  its  influence.2  In  some  unguarded  moment  the  precau 
tion  was  neglected.  In  an  instant  the  gale,  invading  her 
robes,  scattered  them  upon  its  wings,  and  accomplishing  its 
Tarquinic  purpose,  at  the  same  moment  annihilated  her. 
At  the  scene  of  this  catastrophe  her  mother  found  a  foetus- 
like  mass,  which  she  carefully  and  tenderly  nursed,  till  it 
assumed  the  beautiful  and  striking  lineaments  of  the  infant 
Manabozho.3 

He  soon  evinced  the  sagacity,  cunning,  perseverance, 
and  heroic  courage  which  constitute  the  admiration  of  the 
Indians.  And  he  relied  largely  on  these  in  the  gratifica 
tion  of  an  ambitious,  vain-glorious,  and  mischief-loving 
disposition.  In  wisdom  and  energy  he  was  superior  to 
any  one  who  had  ever  lived  before.  Yet  he  was  simple 
when  circumstances  required  it,  and  was  ever  the  object  of 
tricks  and  ridicule  in  others.  He  could  transform  himself 
into  any  animal  he  pleased,  bring  war  or  manito,  as  cir 
cumstances  rendered  necessary.  He  often  conversed  with 
animals,  fowls,  reptiles,  and  fishes.4  He  deemed  himself 
related  to  them,  and  invariably  addressed  them  by  the  term, 
"My  brother  ;"  and  one  of  his  greatest  resources,  when 
hard  pressed,  was  to  change  himself  into  their  shapes. 
1  Page  28.  2  Page  29.  8  Page  30.  *  Page  34. 


268 


APPENDIX. 


MANABOZHO   AND    HIS   FATHERS 


MANABOZHO  was  living  with  his  grandmother  near  the 
edge  of  a  wide  prairie.  While  there  he  thought  to  himself, 
"It  is  singular  that  I  am  so  simple,  and  my  grandmother 
so  wise,  and  that  I  have  neither  father  nor  mother.  I 
have  never  heard  a  word  about  them.  I  must  ask  and 
find  out." 

He  went  home,  and  sat  down  silent  and  dejected.  At 
length  his  grandmother  asked  him,  — 

"  Manabozho,  what  is  the  matter  with  you?  " 

He  answered,  "I  wish  you  would  tell  me  whether  I 
have  any  parents  living,  and  who  my  relations  are." 

"Yes,"  she  said;  "you  have  a  father  and  three  broth 
ers  living.  Your  mother  is  dead.  She  was  taken  without 
the  consent  of  her  parents  by  your  father,  the  West.  Your 
brothers  are  the  North,  East,  and  South  ;  and,  being  older 
than  yourself,  your  father  has  given  them  great  power  with 
the  winds,  according  to  their  names.  You  are  the  young 
est  of  his  children.  Your  mother  died  in  giving  you  birth, 
owing  to  the  ill-treatment  of  your  father." 

He  appeared  to  be  rejoiced  to  hear  that  his  father  was 
living,  for  he  had  already  thought  in  his  heart  to  try  to  kill 
him. 

He  told  his  grandmother  he  should  set  out  in  the  morn 
ing  to  visit  him.  She  said  it  was  a  long  distance  to  the 
place  where  Ningabiun  lived.  He  set  out,  and  soon  reached 
the  place  ;  for  every  step  he  took  covered  a  large  surface 
of  ground.  The  meeting  took  place  on  a  high  mountain 
in  the  West.  His  father  was  very  happy  to  see  him.  He 
also  appeared  pleased.  They  spent  some  days  in  talking 
1  Canto  IV. 


APPENDIX.  269 

with  each  other.  One  evening  Manabozho  asked  his  father 
what  he  was  most  afraid  of  on  earth.  He  replied,  — 

"Nothing." 

"But  is  there  not  something  you  dread  here?  Tell 
me?" 

At  last  his  father  said,  yielding,  — 

"Yes,  there  is  a  black  stone  found  in  such  a  place.1  It 
is  the  only  thing  earthly  I  am  afraid  of ;  for  if  it  should  hit 
me  on  any  part  of  my  body  it  would  injure  me  very  much." 
He  said  this  as  a  secret,  and  in  return  asked  his  son  the 
same  question.  Knowing  each  other's  power,  although 
the  son's  was  limited,  the  father  feared  him  on  account  of 
his  great  strength.  Manabozho  answered,  "Nothing," 
intending  to  avoid  the  question,  or  to  refer  to  some  harm 
less  object  as  of  the  one  of  which  he  was  afraid.  He 
was  asked  again  and  again,  and  answered,  "Nothing." 
But  the  West  said,  — 

"There  must  be  something  you  are  afraid  of." 

"  Well,  I  will  tell  you  what  it  is."  But  before  he  would 
pronounce  the  word,  he  affected  great  dread. 

The  West  told  him  to  banish  his  fears.  At  last  he  cried 
out,  — 

"  It  is  the  root  of  the  apTikwa,  the  bulrush."  He  ap 
peared  to  be  exhausted  by  the  effort  of  pronouncing  the 
word,  in  all  this  skilfully  acting  a  studied  part.  Some  time 
after  he  observed,  — 

"  I  will  get  some  of  the  black  rock." 

The  West  said,  — 

"  Far  be  it  from  you  ;  do  not  do  so,  my  son." 

He  still  persisted. 

"WelL"  said  the  father,  "I  will  also  get  the  apukwa 
root."  i  Page  44- 


270  APPENDIX. 

Manabozho  immediately  cried  out,  "  Kago  !  kago  /  " 1  — 
do  not !  do  not !  —  affecting,  as  before,  to  be  in  great  dread 
of  it,  but  really  wishing,  by  this  course,  to  urge  on  the 
West  to  procure  it,  that  he  might  draw  him  into  the  com 
bat.  He  went  out  and  got  a  large  piece  of  the  black  rock, 
and  brought  it  home.  The  West  also  took  care  to  bring 
the  dreaded  root. 

He  asked  his  father  whether  he  had  been  the  cause  of 
his  mother's  death. 

The  answer  was,  "Yes." 

He  then  took  up  the  rock  and  struck  him.  Blow  led 
to  blow,  and  then  commenced  an  obstinate  and  furious 
combat  which  continued  several  days.  Fragments  of  the 
rock  broken  off  under  Manabozho's  blows  can  be  seen  in 
various  places  to  this  day. 

The  West  was  forced  to  give  ground.  Manabozho 
drove  him  across  rivers  and  over  mountains  and  lakes, 
and  at  last  he  came  to  the  brink  of  the  world. 

"  Hold!  "  cried  he;  "  my  son,  you  know  my  power,2 
and  that  it  is  impossible  to  kill  me.  Desist,  and  I  will 
also  portion  you  out  with  as  much  power  as  your  brothers. 
The  four  quarters  of  the  world  are  already  occupied  ;  but 
you  can  go  and  do  a  great  deal  of  good  to  the  people  of 
the  earth,  which  is  infested  with  large  serpents  (gena- 
beeks},  beasts,  and  monsters  (iveendigon},  who  make  great 
havoc  among  the  inhabitants.  Go,  and  do  good.  You 
have  the  power  now  to  do  so,  and  your  fame  with  the 
kings  of  this  earth  will  last  forever.  When  you  have  fin 
ished  your  work,  I  will  have  a  place  provided  for  you. 
You  will  then  go  and  sit  with  your  brother  Kabibonokka 
in  the  north." 

1  Page  45'  2  Page  48. 


APPENDIX.  271 

Manabozho  was  pacified.  He  returned  to  his  lodge, 
where  he  was  confined  by  the  wounds  he  had  received. 
But  from  his  grandmother's  skill  in  medicines  he  was  soon 
recovered. 

MON-DAW-MIN,  OR  THE  ORIGIN  OF  MAIZE.* 

IN  times  past  a  poor  Indian  was  living  with  his  wife 
and  children  in  a  beautiful  part  of  the  country.  He  was 
not  only  poor,  but  inexpert  in  procuring  food  for  his  family, 
and  his  children  were  all  too  young  to  give  him  assistance. 
Although  poor,  he  was  a  man  of  a  kind  and  contented 
disposition.  He  was  always  thankful  to  the  Great  Spirit 
for  everything  he  received. 

The  same  disposition  was  inherited  by  his  eldest  son,  who 
had  now  arrived  at  the  proper  age  to  undertake  the  cere 
mony  of  the  Ke-ig-wish-im-o-win,  or  fast,  to  see  what  kind 
of  a  spirit  would  be  his  guide  and  guardian  through  life. 

Wunzh,  for  this  was  his  name,  had  been  an  obedient 
boy  from  his  infancy,  and  was  of  a  pensive,  thoughtful, 
and  mild  disposition,  so  that  he  was  beloved  by  the  whole 
family.  As  soon  as  the  first  indications  of  spring  ap 
peared,  they  built  him  the  customary  little  lodge  at  a 
retired  spot,  some  distance  from  their  own,  where  he 
would  not  be  disturbed  during  this  solemn  rite. 

In  the  meantime  he  prepared  himself,  and  immediately 
went  into  it,  and  commenced  his  fast.  The  first  few  days 
he  amused  himself  in  the  mornings  by  walking  in  the 
woods  and  over  the  mountains. 

While  he  walked  through  the  woods,  he  felt  a  strong 
desire  to  know  how  the  plants,  herbs,  and  berries  grew, 
1  Canto  V. 


272  APPENDIX. 

without  any  aid  from  man,  and  why  it  was  that  some 
species  were  good  to  eat,  and  others  possessed  medicinal 
or  poisonous  juices. 

On  the  third  day  he  became  weak  and  faint,1  and  kept 
his  bed.  He  fancied,  while  thus  lying,  that  he  saw  a 
handsome  young  man  coming  down  from  the  sky,  and 
advancing  towards  him.  He  was  richly  and  gayly  dressed, 
having  on  a  great  many  garments  of  green  and  yellow 
colors,  but  differing  in  their  deeper  or  lighter  shades.  He 
had  a  plume  of  waving  feathers  on  his  head,  and  all  his 
motions  were  graceful. 

"  I  am  sent  to  you,  my  friend,"  said  the  celestial  visi 
tor,2  "  by  that  Great  Spirit  who  made  all  things  in  the  sky 
and  on  the  earth.  He  has  seen  and  knows  your  motives 
in  fasting.  He  sees  that  it  is  from  a  kind  and  benevolent 
wish  to  do  good  to  your  people,  and  to  procure  a  benefit 
for  them,  and  that  you  do  not  seek  for  strength  in  war  or 
the  praise  of  warriors.  I  am  sent  to  instruct  you,  and 
show  you  how  you  can  do  your  kindred  good." 

He  then  told  the  young  man  to  arise  and  to  prepare  to 
wrestle  with  him,  as  it  was  only  by  this  means  that  he 
could  hope  to  succeed  in  his  wishes.  Wunzh  knew  he  was 
weak  from  fasting;  but  he  felt  his  courage  rising  in  his 
heart,  and  immediately  got  up,  determined  to  die  rather 
than  fail.  He  commenced  the  trial,  and  after  a  protracted 
effort,  was  almost  exhausted,  when  the  beautiful  stranger 
said,  "  My  friend,  it  is  enough  for  once  ;  I  will  come  again 
to  try  you;  "  and  smiling  on  him,  he  ascended  in  the  air  in 
the  same  direction  from  which  he  came.3 

The  next  day  the  celestial  visitor  reappeared  at  the  same 
hour,  and  renewed  the  trial.  Wunzh  felt  that  his  strength 
1  Page  54.  a  Page  55.  »  Page  56. 


APPENDIX.  273 

was  even  less  than  the  day  before,  but  the  courage  of  his 
mind  seemed  to  increase  in  proportion  as  his  body  became 
weaker.  Seeing  this,  the  stranger  again  spoke  to  him  in 
the  same  words  he  used  before,  adding,  "To-morrow  will 
be  your  last  trial.  Be  strong,  my  friend ;  for  this  is  the 
only  way  you  can  overcome  me,  and  obtain  the  boon  you 
seek." 

On  the  third  day  he  again  appeared  at  the  same  time, 
and  renewed  the  struggle.  The  poor  youth  was  very  faint 
in  body,  but  grew  stronger  in  mind  at  every  contest,  and 
was  determined  to  prevail,  or  perish  in  the  attempt.  He 
exerted  his  utmost  powers;  and  after  the  contest  had  been 
continued  the  usual  time,  the  stranger  ceased  his  efforts, 
and  declared  himself  conquered.  For  the  first  time  he 
entered  the  lodge ;  and  sitting  down  beside  the  youth,  he 
began  to  deliver  his  instructions  to  him,  telling  him  in 
what  manner  he  should  proceed  to  take  advantage  of  his 
victory. 

"You  have  won  your  desires  of  the  Great  Spirit,"  said 
the  stranger.1  "  You  have  wrestled  manfully.  To-morrow 
will  be  the  seventh  day  of  your  fasting.  Your  father  will 
give  you  food  to  strengthen  you ;  and  as  it  is  the  last  day 
of  your  trial,  you  will  prevail.  I  know  this,  and  now  tell 
you  what  you  must  do  to  benefit  your  family  and  your 
tribe.  To-morrow,"  he  repeated,  "  I  shall  meet  you  and 
wrestle  with  you  for  the  last  time;  and  as  soon  as  you 
have  prevailed  against  me,  you  will  strip  off  my  garments 
and  throw  me  down,  clean  the  earth  of  roots  and  weeds, 
make  it  soft,  and  bury  me  in  the  spot.  When  you  have 
done  this,  leave  my  body  in  the  earth,  and  do  not  disturb 
it,  but  come  occasionally  to  visit  the  place,  to  see  whether 
1  Page  58. 


274  APPENDIX, 

I  have  come  to  life,  and  be  careful  never  to  let  the  grass 
or  weeds  grow  on  my  grave.  Once  a  month  cover  me 
with  fresh  earth.  If  you  follow  my  instructions,  you  will 
accomplish  your  object  of  -  doing  good  to  your  fellow- 
creatures  by  teaching  them  the  knowledge  I  now  teach 
you." 

He  then  shook  him  by  the  hand  and  disappeared. 
In  the  morning  the  youth's  father1  came  with  some 
slight  refreshments,  saying,  "My  son,  you  have  fasted 
long  enough.  If  the  Great  Spirit  will  favor  you,  he  will 
do  it  now.  It  is  seven  days  since  you  have  tasted  food, 
and  you  must  not  sacrifice  your  life.  The  Master  of  Life 
does  not  require  that." 

"  My  father,"  replied  the  youth,  "  wait  till  the  sun  goes 
down.  I  have  a  particular  reason  for  extending  my  fast  to 
that  hour." 

"Very  well,"  said  the  old  man;  "I  shall  wait  till  the 
hour  arrives,  and  you  feel  inclined  to  eat." 

At  the  usual  hour  of  the  day  the  sky-visitor  returned, 
and  the  trial  of  strength  was  renewed.  Although  the  youth 
had  not  availed  himself  of  his  father's  offer  of  food,  he  felt 
that  new  strength  had  been  given  to  him,  and  that  exer 
tion  had  renewed  his  strength  and  fortified  his  courage. 
He  grasped  his  angelic  antagonist  with  supernatural 
strength,  threw  him  down,  took  from  him  his  beautiful 
garments  and  plume,  and  finding  him  dead,  immediately 
buried  him  on  the  spot,  taking  all  the  precautions  he  had 
been  told  of,  and  being  very  confident,  at  the  same  time, 
that  his  friend  would  come  to  life.2  He  then  returned  to 
his  father's  lodge,  and  partook  sparingly  of  the  meal  that 
had  been  prepared  for  him.  But  he  never  for  a  moment 
»  Page  59.  a  Page  62. 


APPENDIX.  275 

forgot  the  grave  of  his  friend.  He  carefully  visited  it 
throughout  the  spring,  and  weeded  out  the  grass,  and  kept 
the  ground  in  a  soft  and  pliant  state.  Very  soon  he  saw 
the  tops  of  the  green  plumes  coming  through  the  ground ; 
and  the  more  careful  he  was  to  obey  his  instructions  in 
keeping  the  ground  in  order,  the  faster  they  grew.  He 
was,  however,  careful  to  conceal  the  exploit  from  his 
father. 

Days  and  weeks  had  passed  in  this  way.  The  summer 
was  now  drawing  towards  a  close,  when  one  day,  after  a 
long  absence  in  hunting,  Wunzh  invited  his  father  to  fol 
low  him  to  the  quiet  and  lonesome  spot  of  his  former  fast.1 
The  loop  had  been  removed,  and  the  weeds  kept  from 
growing  on  the  circle  where  it  stood  ;  but  in  its  place 
stood  a  tall  and  graceful  plant  with  bright-colored  silken 
hair,  surmounted  with  nodding  plumes  and  stably  leaves, 
and  golden  clusters  on  each  side. 

"It  is  my  friend  !  "  shouted  the  lad.  "It  is  the  friend 
of  all  mankind  !  It  is  Mondawmin  !  We  need  no  longer 
rely  on  hunting  alone  ;  for  as  long  as  this  gift  is  cherished 
and  taken  care  of,  the  ground  itself  will  give  us  a  living.1' 

He  then  pulled  an  ear. 

"See,  my  father,"  said  he,  "this  is  what  I  fasted  for. 
The  Great  Spirit  has  listened  to  my  voice,  and  sent  us 
something  new,  and  henceforth  our  people  will  not  alone 
depend  on  the  chase  or  on  the  waters." 

He  then  communicated  to  his  father  the  instructions 
given  him  by  the  stranger.  He  told  him  that  the  broad 
husks  must  be  torn  away,  as  he  had  pulled  off  the  gar 
ments  in  his  wrestling  ;  and  having  done  this,  directed 
him  how  the  ear  must  be  held  before  the  fire  till  the  outer 
1  Page  63. 


276  APPENDIX. 

skin  became  brown,  while  all  the  milk  was  retained  in  the 
grain.  The  whole  family  then  united  in  a  feast  on  the 
newly  grown  ears,  expressing  gratitude  to  the  Merciful 
Spirit  who  gave  it.1  Thus  corn  came  into  the  world,  and 
has  ever  since  been  preserved. 

KWASIND,  OR  THE   FEARFULLY  STRONG  MAN.' 

PAUWATING  was  a  village  where  the  young  men  amused 
themselves  very  much  in  ancient  times  in  sports  and  ball- 
playing. 

One  day  as  they  engaged  in  their  sports,  one  of  the 
strongest  and  most  active,  at  the  moment  he  was  about  to 
succeed  in  a  trial  of  lifting,  slipped  and  fell  upon  his  back. 
"Ha!  ha!  ha!"  cried  the  lookers-on,  "you  will  never 
rival  Kwasind."  He  was  deeply  mortified  ;  and  when  the 
sport  was  over,  these  words  came  to  his  mind.  He  could 
not  recollect  any  man  of  this  name.  He  thought  he  would 
ask  the  old  man,  the  story-teller  of  the  village,  the  next  time 
he  came  to  the  lodge.  The  opportunity  soon  occurred. 

"My  grandfather,"  said  he,  "who  was  Kwasind?  I 
am  very  anxious  to  know  what  he  could  do." 

"  Kwasind,"  the  old  man  replied,  "  was  a  listless,  idle 
boy.  He  would  not  play  when  the  other  boys  played,  and 
his  parents  could  never  get  him  to  do  any  kind  of  labor. 
He  was  always  making  excuses.  His  parents  took  notice, 
however,  that  he  fasted  for  days  together ;  but  they  could 
not  learn  what  spirit  he  supplicated,  or  had  chosen  as  the 
guardian  spirit  to  attend  him  through  life.  He  was  so  in 
attentive  to  his  parents'  requests,  that  he  at  last  became 
a  subject  of  reproach. 

1  Page  64.  2  Canto  VI. 


APPENDIX.  277 

"  'Ah,'  said  his  mother  to  him  one  day,  'is  there  any 
young  man  of  your  age  in  all  the  village  who  does  so 
little  for  his  parents?  You  neither  hunt  nor  fish.1  You 
take  no  interest  in  anything,  whether  labor  or  amusement, 
which  engages  the  attention  of  your  equals  in  years.  I 
have  often  set  my  nets  in  the  coldest  days  of  winter  with 
out  any  assistance  from  you,  and  I  have  taken  them  up 
again  while  you  remained  inactive  at  the  lodge  fire.  Are 
you  not  ashamed  of  such  idleness?  Go,  I  bid  you,  and 
wring  out  that  net  which  I  have  just  tak^n  from  the 
water.' 

"Kwasind  saw  that  there  was  a  determination  to  make 
him  obey.  He  did  not  therefore  make  any  excuses,  but 
went  out  and  took  up  the  net.  He  carefully  folded  it, 
doubled  and  redoubled  it,  forming  it  into  a  roll,  and  then 
with  an  easy  twist  of  his  hands  wrung  it  short  off,  with  as 
much  ease  as  if  every  twine  had  been  a  thin,  brittle  fibre.2 
Here  they  at  once  saw  the  secret  of  his  reluctance, — he 
possessed  supernatural  strength. 

"After  this  the  young  men  were  playing  one  day  on 
the  plain,  where  there  was  lying  one  of  those  large,  heavy, 
black  pieces  of  rock  which  Manabozho  is  said  to  have  cast 
at  his  father.  Kwasind  took  it  up  with  much  ease,  and 
threw  it  into  the  river.  After  this  he  accompanied  his 
father  on  a  hunting-excursion  into  a  remote  forest.  They 
came  to  a  place  where  the  wind  had  thrown  a  great  many 
trees  into  a  narrow  pass.  'We  must  go  the  other  way,' 
said  the  old  man;  'it  is  impossible  to  get  the  burdens 
through  this  place.'3  He  sat  down  to  rest  himself,  took 
out  his  smoking  apparatus,  and  gave  a  short  time  to  reflec 
tion.  When  he  had  finished,  Kwasind  had  lifted  away 
the  largest  pine-trees,  and  pulled  them  out  of  the  path. 
1  Page  68.  2  Page  69.  »  Page  70. 


278  APPENDIX. 

"  Sailing  one  day  in  his  canoe,  Kwasind  saw  a  large 
furred  animal  which  he  immediately  recognized  to  be  the 
king  of  beavers.  He  plunged  into  the  water  in  pursuit  of 
it.  His  companions  were  in  the  greatest  astonishment  and 
alarm,  supposing  he  would  perish. 1  He  often  dove  down 
and  remained  a  long  time  under  water,  pursuing  the  ani 
mal  from  island  to  island,  and  at  last  returned  with  the 
kingly  prize.  After  this  his  fame  spread  far  and  wide,  and 
no  hunter  would  presume  to  compete  with  him. 

"  He  performed  so  many  feats  of  strength  and  skill 
that  he  excited  the  envy  of  the  Puck-wudj  In-in-ee-sug,  or 
fairies,  who  conspired  against  his  life.2  '  For,'  said  they, 
'  if  this  man  is  suffered  to  go  on  in  his  career  of  strength 
and  exploits,  we  shall  presently  have  no  work  to  per 
form.  Our  agency  in  the  affairs  of  men  must  cease.  He 
will  undermine  our  power,  and  drive  us  at  last  into  the 
water,  where  we  must  all  perish,  or  be  devoured  by  the 
wicked  Neebanawaaig. 

"The  strength  of  Kwasind  was  all  concentrated  in  the 
crown  of  his  head.  This  was,  at  the  same  time,  the  only 
vulnerable  part  of  his  body,  and  there  was  but  one  species 
of  weapon  which  could  be  successfully  employed  in  mak 
ing  any  impression  on  it.  The  fairies  carefully  hunted 
through  the  woods  to  find  this  weapon.  It  was  the  bur 
or  seed-vessel  of  the  white  pine.  They  gathered  a  quan 
tity  of  this  article,  and  waylaid  Kwasind  at  a  point  on  the 
river  where  the  red  rocks  jut  into  the  water,  forming  rude 
castles  —  a  point  which  he  was  accustomed  to  pass  in  his 
canoe.  They  waited  a  long  time,  making  merry  upon 
these  rocks,  for  it  was  a  highly  romantic  spot.  At  last 
the  wished-for  object  appeared.  Kwasind  came  floating 
1  Page  71.  2  Page  202. 


APPENDIX.  279 

calmly  down  the  stream,  on  the  afternoon  of  a  summer's 
day,  languid  with  the  heat  of  the  weather,  and  almost 
asleep.1  When  his  canoe  came  directly  beneath  the  cliff, 
the  tallest  and  stoutest  fairy  began  the  attack.  Others 
followed  his  example.  It  was  a  long  time  before  they 
could  hit  the  vulnerable  part;  but  success  at  length  crowned 
their  efforts,  and  Kwasind  sunk,  never  to  rise  more. 

"Ever  since  this  victory,  the  Puck-wudj  In-in-ee  have 
made  that  point  of  rock  a  favorite  resort.  The  hunters 
often  hear  them  laugh,  and  see  their  little  plumes  shake  as 
they  pass  this  scene  on  light  summer  evenings. 

"My  son,"  continued  the  old  man,  "take  care  that 
you  do  not  imitate  the  faults  of  Kwasind.  If  he  had  not 
so  often  exerted  his  strength  merely  for  the  sake  of  boast 
ing,  he  would  not,  perhaps,  have  made  the  fairies  feel 
jealous  of  him.  It  is  better  to  use  the  strength  you  have 
in  a  quiet,  useful  way  than  to  sigh  after  the  possession  of 
a  giant's  power.  For  if  you  run,  or  wrestle,  or  jump,  or 
fire  at  a  mark  only  as  well  as  your  equals  in  years,  nobody 
will  envy  you;  but  if  you  would  needs  be  a  Kwasind,  you 
must  expect  a  Kwasind's  fate." 

MANABOZHO'S   FISHING.2 

His  grandmother  told  him  that  his  grandfather,  who 
had  come  to  the  earth  in  search  of  her,  had  been  killed  by 
Megissogwon  (the  wampum  or  pearl-feather),  who  lived 
on  the  opposite  side  of  the  great  lake. 

"  When  he  was  alive,"  she  continued,  u  I  was  never 
without  oil  to  put  on  my  head,  but  now  my  hair  is  fast 
falling  off  for  the  want  of  it." 

1  Page  204.  2  Canto  VIII. 


280  APPENDIX. 

"  Well !  "  said  he,  "  Noko,  get  cedar  bark,  and  make 
me  a  line  whilst  I  make  a  canoe." 

When  all  was  ready,  he  went  out  to  the  middle  of  the 
lake  to  fish.  He  put  his  line  down,  saying,  — 

"  Me-she-nah-ma-gwai,  —  Kingfish,1  —  take  hold  of  my 
bait." 

He  kept  repeating  this  for  some  time. 

At  last  the  King  of  the  fishes  said,  — 

"  Manabozho  troubles  me.  Here,  Trout,  take  hold  of 
his  line." 

The  trout  did  so.  He  then  commenced  drawing  up  his 
line  which  was  very  heavy,  so  that  his  canoe  stood  nearly 
perpendicular  ;  but  he  kept  crying  out,  "  Wha-ee-he ! 
wha-ee-he  !  "  till  he  could  see  the  trout.  As  soon  as  he 
saw  him,  he  spoke  to  him,  — 

"  Why  did  you  take  hold  of  my  hook?  Esa  !  Esa  !  — 
shame  !  shame  !  —  you  ugly  fish  !  " 

The  trout,  being  thus  rebuked,  let  go. 

Manabozho  put  his  line  again  into  the  water,  saying, 

"  King  of  fishes,  take  hold  of  my  line !  " 

But  the  King  of  the  fishes  told  a  monstrous  sunfish  to 
take  hold  of  it  ;  2  for  Manabozho  was  tiring  him  with  his 
incessant  calls.  He  again  drew  up  his  line  with  difficulty, 
saying  as  before,  "  Wha-ee-he!  wha-ee-he!"  while  his 
canoe  was  turning  in  swift  circles.  When  he  saw  the  sun- 
fish  he  cried,  — 

"  Esa  !  Esa  !  you  odious  fish,8  why  did  you  dirty  my 
hook  by  taking  it  in  your  mouth?  Let  go,  I  say,  let  go." 

The  sunfish  did  so,  and  told  the  King  of  fishes  what 
Manabozho  said. 

Just  at  that  moment  the  bait  came  near  the  King ;  and 
1  Page  8a.  2  page  g3.  3  page  84. 


APPENDIX.  281 

hearing  Manabozho  continually  crying  out,  "  Me-she-nah- 
ma-gwai,  take  hold  of  my  hook,"  at  last  he  did  so,  and 
allowed  himself  to  be  drawn  up  to  the  surface,  which  he 
had  no  sooner  reached  than  at  one  mouthful  he  took 
Manabozho  and  his  canoe  down.1 

When  he  came  to  himself,  he  found  that  he  was  in 
the  fish's  belly,  and  also  his  canoe.  He  now  turned  his 
thoughts  to  the  way  of  making  his  escape.  Looking  in 
his  canoe,  he  saw  his  war-club,  with  which  he  immediately 
struck  the  heart  of  the  fish.  He  then  felt  a  sudden  motion, 
as  if  he  were  moving  with  great  velocity.  The  fish  ob 
served  to  the  others,  — 

"  I  am  sick  at  my  stomach  for  having  swallowed  this 
dirty  fellow,  Manabozho." 

Just  at  this  moment  he  received  another  more  severe 
blow  on  the  heart.  Manabozho  thought,  — 

"  If  I  am  thrown  up  in  the  middle  of  the  lake,  I  shall 
be  drowned  ;  so  I  must  prevent  it." 

He  drew  his  canoe,  and  placed  it  across  the  fish's  throat;2 
and  just  as  he  had  finished,  the  fish  commenced  vomit 
ing,  but  to  no  effect.  In  this  he  was  aided  by  a  squirrel, 
who  had  accompanied  him  unperceived  until  that  moment. 
This  animal  had  taken  an  active  part  in  helping  him  to 
place  his  canoe  across  the  fish's  throat.  For  this  act  he 
named  him,  saying,  — 

"  For  the  future,  boys  shall  always  call  you  Adjidaumo 
—  animal  tail  upward." 

He  then  renewed  his  attack  on  the  fish's  heart,  and 

succeeded,  by  repeated  blows,  in  killing  him.     This  he 

first  knew  by  the  loss  of  motion,  and  by  the  sound  of  the 

beating  of    the  body  against  the   shore.      He  waited   a 

i  Page  85.  »  Page  86. 


282  APPENDIX. 

day  longer  to  see  what  would  happen.  He  heard  birds 
scratching  on  the  body,  and  all  at  once  the  rays  of  light 
broke  in.  He  could  see  the  heads  of  gulls,  who  were 
looking  in  by  the  opening  they  had  made. 

"  Oh,"  cried  Manabozho,  "  my  younger  brothers,  make 
the  opening  larger,  so  that  I  can  get  out." 

They  told  one  another  that  their  brother  Manabozho 
was  inside  of  the  fish.1  They  immediately  set  about  en 
larging  the  orifice,  and  in  a  short  time  liberated  him. 
After  he  got  out  he  said  to  the  gulls,  — 

"  For  the  future  you  shall  be  called  Kayoshk  —  noble 
scratchers  or  grabbers  —  for  your  kindness  to  me." 

The  spot  where  the  fish  happened  to  be  driven  ashore 
was  near  his  lodge.  He  went  up  and  told  his  grand 
mother  to  go  and  prepare  as  much  oil  as  she  wanted.  All 
besides,  he  informed  her,  he  should  keep  for  himself. 

MANABOZHO  AND  PEARL-FEATHERS 

THE  abode  of  Megissogwon  was  defended  first  by  fiery 
serpents,  who  hissed  fire  so  that  no  one  could  pass  them ; 
and  in  the  second  place,  by  a  large  mass  of  gummy  mat 
ter  lying  on  the  water,  so  soft  and  adhesive  that  whoever 
attempted  to  pass,  or  whatever  came  in  contact  with  it, 
was  sure  to  stick  there.8 

Manabozho  continued  making  bows  and  arrows  without 
number,  but  he  had  no  heads  for  his  arrows.  At  last  Noko 
told  him  that  an  old  man  who  lived  at  some  distance  could 
make  them.  He  sent  her  to  get  some.  She  soon  returned 
with  her  conaus,  or  wrapper,  full.  Still  he  told  her  he 
had  not  enough,  and  sent  her  again.  She  returned  with 
as  many  more.  He  thought  to  himself,  — 

1  Page  87.  2  Canto  IX.  8  Page  92. 


APPENDIX.  283 

"  I  must  find  out  the  way  of  making  these  heads." 

Cunning  and  curiosity  prompted  him  to  make  the  dis 
covery.  But  he  deemed  it  necessary  to  deceive  his  grand 
mother  in  so  doing. 

"Noko,"  said  he,  "while  I  take  my  drum  and  rattle, 
and  sing  my  war-songs,  go  and  try  to  get  me  some  larger 
heads  for  my  arrows ;  for  those  you  brought  me  are  all  of 
the  same  size.  Go  and  see  whether  the  old  man  cannot 
make  some  a  little  larger." 

He  followed  her  as  she  went,  keeping  at  a  distance, 
and  saw  the  old  artificer  at  work,  and  so  discovered  his 
process.  He  also  beheld  the  old  man's  daughter,  and 
perceived  that  she  was  very  beautiful.1  He  felt  his  breast 
beat  with  a  new  emotion,  but  said  nothing.  He  took  care 
to  get  home  before  his  grandmother,  and  commenced  sing 
ing  as  if  he  had  never  left  his  lodge.  When  the  old  woman 
came  near,  she  heard  his  drum  and  rattle  without  any  sus 
picion  that  he  had  followed  her. 

After  having  finished  his  term  of  fasting  and  sung  his 
war-song,  —  from  which  the  Indians  of  the  present  day  de 
rive  the  custom,  —  he  embarked  in  his  canoe,  fully  prepared 
for  war.  In  addition  to  the  usual  implements  he  had  a 
plentiful  supply  of  oil.  He  travelled  rapidly  day  and  night; 
for  he  had  only  to  will  or  speak,  and  the  canoe  went.2  At 
length  he  arrived  in  sight  of  the  fiery  serpents.  He  stopped 
to  view  them.  He  saw  they  were  some  distance  apart, 
and  that  the  flame  only  which  issued  from  them  reached 
across  the  pass.  He  commenced  talking  as  a  friend  to 
them  ;  but  they  answered,  — 

"We  know  you,  Manabozho;  you  cannot  pass." 
He  then  thought  of  some  expedient  to  deceive  them, 
i  Pages  50,  51.  2  Page  93. 


284  APPENDIX. 

and  hit  on  this.     He  pushed  his  canoe  as  near  as  possible. 
All  at  once  he  cried  out,  with  a  loud  and  terrified  voice,  — 

"  What  is  that  behind  you?  " 

The  serpents  instantly  turned  their  heads,  when,  at  a 
single  word,  he  passed  them. 

"Well,"  said  he  placidly,  after  he  had  got  by,  "how 
do  you  like  my  exploit?  " 

He  then  took  up  his  bow  and  arrows,  and  with  delibe 
rate  aim  shot  them.1  This  was  easily  done;  for  the  serpents 
were  stationary,  and  could  not  move  beyond  a  certain  spot. 
They  were  of  enormous  length,  and  of  a  bright  color. 

Having  overcome  the  sentinel  serpents,  he  went  on  in 
his  canoe  till  he  came  to  a  soft,  gummy  portion  of  the 
lake,  called  Pigiu-wagumee,  or  Pitch  water.  He  took  the 
oil,  and  rubbed  it  on  his  canoe,  and  then  pushed  into  it. 
The  oil  softened  the  surface,  and  enabled  him  to  slip  through 
it  with  ease,  although  it  required  frequent  rubbing,2  and  a 
constant  reapplication  of  the  oil.  Just  as  his  oil  failed,  he 
extricated  himself  from  this  impediment,  and  was  the  first 
person  who  ever  succeeded  in  overcoming  it. 

He  now  came  in  view  of  land,3  on  which  he  debarked 
in  safety,  and  could  see  the  lodge  of  the  Shining  Manito, 
situated  on  a  hill.  He  commenced  preparing  for  the  fight, 
putting  his  arrows  and  clubs  in  order ;  and  just  at  the  dawn 
of  day  began  his  attack,  yelling  and  shouting  and  crying, 
with  triple  voices:  "Surround  him!  surround  him!  run 
up  !  run  up  !  "  making  it  appear  that  he  had  many  follow* 
ers.  He  advanced,  crying  out:  "It  was  you  that  killed 
my  grandfather  ;"  and  with  this  shot  his  arrows. 

The  combat  continued  all  day.     Manabozho's  arrows 
had  no  effect,  for  his  antagonist  was  clothed  with  pure 
:  Page  94.  2  Page  95.  s  Page  96. 


APPENDIX.  285 

wampum.1  He  was  now  reduced  to  three  arrows,  and  it 
was  only  by  extraordinary  agility  that  he  could  escape  the 
blows  which  the  Manito  kept  making  at  him. 

At  that  moment  a  large  woodpecker,  the  Ma-ma,  flew 
past,  and  lit  on  a  tree. 

"  Manabozho,"  he  cried,  "  your  adversary  has  a  vulner 
able  point.  Shoot  at  the  lock  of  hair  on  the  crown  of  his 
head!  " 

He  shot  his  first  arrow  so  as  only  to  draw  blood  from 
that  part.  The  Manito  made  one  or  two  unsteady  steps, 
but  recovered  himself.2  He  began  to  parley,  but  in  the 
act  received  a  second  arrow,  which  brought  him  to  his 
knees.  But  he  again  recovered.  In  so  doing,  however, 
he  exposed  his  head,  and  gave  his  adversary  a  chance  to 
fire  his  third  arrow,  which  penetrated  deep,  and  brought 
him  a  lifeless  corpse  to  the  ground. 

Manabozho  uttered  his  saw-saw-quan  ;  and  taking  his 
scalp  as  a  trophy,  he  called  the  woodpecker  to  come  and 
receive  a  reward  for  his  information.  He  took  the  blood  of 
the  Manito,  and  rubbed  it  on  the  woodpecker's  head,  the 
feathers  of  which  are  red  to  this  day.3 

After  this  victory  he  returned  home,  singing  songs  of 
triumph,  and  beating  his  drum.  When  his  grandmother 
heard  him  she  came  to  the  shore,  and  welcomed  him  with 
songs  and  dancing.  Glory  filled  his  mind.  He  displayed 
the  trophies  he  had  brought  in  the  most  conspicuous  man 
ner,  and  felt  an  unconquerable  desire  for  other  adventures. 
He  had  destroyed  the  Manito  of  Wealth,  and  killed  his 
guardian  serpents.4 

But  his  feats  and  adventures  do  not  terminate  here. 
There  is  scarcely  a  prominent  lake,  mountain,  precipice, 

1  Paee  qg.  2  Page  100.  3  Page  101.  4  Page  103. 


286  APPENDIX. 

or  stream  in  the  northern  part  of  America  which  is  not 
hallowed  in  Indian  story  by  his  fabled  deeds. 

To  collect  all  these  and  arrange  them  in  order  would  be 
an  arduous  labor ;  and,  after  all,  such  an  arrangement 
would  lack  consistency  and  keeping,  unless  much  of  the 
thread  necessary  to  present  them  in  an  English  dress  were 
supplied  by  invention,  alteration,  and  transposition. 

How  long  Manabozho  lived  on  earth  is  not  related.  The 
period  of  his  labors  and  adventures  having  expired,  he 
withdrew  to  dwell  with  his  brother  in  the  North,1  where  he 
is  understood  to  direct  those  storms  which  proceed  from 
points  west  of  the  pole.  He  is  regarded  as  the  spirit  of 
the  northwest  tempests,  but  receives  no  worship  from  the 
present  race  of  Indians.  It  is  believed  by  them  that  he  is 
again  to  appear,  and  to  exercise  an  important  power  in  the 
final  disposition  of  the  human  race. 

IAGOO,  THE  GREAT   BOASTER.' 

IAGOO  is  the  name  of  a  personage  noted  in  Indian  lore 
for  having  given  extravagant  narrations  of  whatever  he  had 
seen,  heard,  or  accomplished.3  He  always  saw  extraordi 
nary  things,  made  extraordinary  journeys,  and  performed 
extraordinary  feats.  He  could  not  look  out  of  his  lodge 
and  see  things  as  other  men  did.  If  he  described  a  bird, 
it  had  a  most  singular  variety  of  brilliant  plumage.  The 
animals  he  met  with  were  all  of  the  monstrous  kind ;  they 
had  eyes  like  orbs  of  fire,  and  claws  like  hooks  of  steel, 
and  could  step  over  the  top  of  an  Indian  lodge.  He  told 
of  a  serpent  he  had  seen  which  had  hair  on  its  neck  like  a 
rnane,  and  feet  resembling  a  quadruped. 

1  Page  242.  2  Canto  XI.  3  Page  117. 


APPENDIX.  287 

lagoo  did  not  appear  to  have  been  endowed  with  the 
ordinary  faculties  of  other  men.  His  eyes  appeared  to  be 
magnifiers,  and  the  tympanum  of  his  ears  so  constructed 
that  what  appeared  to  common  observers  to  be  but  the 
sound  of  a  zephyr,  to  him  had  a  far  closer  resemblance  to 
the  noise  of  thunder.  His  imagination  appeared  to  be  of 
so  exuberant  a  character  that  he  scarcely  required  more 
than  a  drop  of  water  to  construct  an  ocean,  or  a  grain  of 
sand  to  form  an  earth. 

Notwithstanding  all  this,  there  are  but  a  few  scraps  of 
his  actual  stories  to  be  found.  He  first  attracted  notice 
by  giving  an  account  of  a  water  lilly  [sic] ,  a  single  leaf  of 
which,  he  averred,  was  sufficient  to  make  a  petticoat  and 
upper  garments  for  his  wife  and  daughter.  One  evening 
he  was  sitting  in  his  lodge,  on  the  banks  of  a  river;  and' 
hearing  the  quacking  of  ducks  on  the  stream,  he  fired 
through  the  lodge  door  at  a  venture.  He  killed  a  swan 
that  happened  to  be  flying  by,  and  twenty  brace  of  ducks 
in  the  stream.  But  this  did  not  check  the  force  of  his 
shot ;  they  passed  on,  and  struck  the  heads  of  two  loons, 
at  the  moment  they  were  coming  up  from  beneath  the 
water,  and  even  went  beyond  and  killed  a  most  extraordi 
nary  large  fish  called  Moshkeenozha. 

On  another  occasion  he  had  killed  a  deer,  and  after 
skinning  it,  was  carrying  the  carcass  on  his  shoulders, 
when  he  spied  some  stately  elks  on  the  plain  before  him. 
He  immediately  gave  them  chase,  and  had  run,  over  hill 
and  dale,  a  distance  of  half  a  day's  travel,  before  he  recol 
lected  that  he  had  the  deer's  carcass  on  his  shoulders. 

One  day,  as  he  was  passing  over  a  tract  of  mushkeeg, 
or  bog  land,  he  saw  mosquitoes  of  such  enormous  size  that 
lie  staked  his  reputation  on  the  fact  that  a  single  wing  of 


288  APPENDIX. 

one  of  the  insects  was  sufficient  for  a  sail  to  his  canoe,  and 
the  proboscis  as  big  as  his  wife's  shovel.  But  he  was 
favored  with  a  still  more  extraordinary  sight  in  a  gigantic 
ant  which  passed  him,  as  he  was  watching  a  beaver's  lodge, 
dragging  the  entire  carcass  of  a  hare. 

OSSEO,   OR  THE   SON  OF  THE   EVENING  STAR.* 

THERE  once  lived  an  Indian  in  the  North  who  had  ten 
daughters,  all  of  whom  grew  up  to  womanhood.2  They 
were  noted  for  their  beauty,  but  especially  Oweenee,  the 
youngest,  who  was  very  independent  in  her  way  of  think 
ing.  She  was  a  great  admirer  of  romantic  places,  and 
paid  very  little  attention  to  the  numerous  young  men  who 
came  to  her  father's  lodge  for  the  purpose  of  seeing  her. 

Her  elder  sisters  were  all  solicited  in  marriage  from 
their  parents,  and  one  after  another  went  off  to  dwell  in 
the  lodges  of  their  husbands  or  mothers-in-law  ;  but  she 
would  listen  to  no  proposals  of  the  kind.  At  last  she 
married  an  old  man  named  Osseo,  who  was  scarcely  able 
to  walk,  and  was  too  poor  to  have  things  like  others. 
They  jeered  and  laughed  at  her  on  all  sides;  but  she 
seemed  to  be  quite  happy,  and  said  to  them,  — 

"  It  is  my  choice,  and 'you  will  see  in  the  end  who  has 
acted  the  wisest." 

Soon  after  the  sisters  and  their  husbands  and  their 
parents  were  all  invited  to  a  feast;  and  as  they  walked 
along  the  path  they  could  not  help  pitying  their  young  and 
handsome  sister,  who  had  such  an  unsuitable  mate.  Osseo 
often  stopped  and  gazed  upward;  but  they  could  perceive 
nothing  in  the  direction  he  looked,  unless  it  was  the  faint 
1  Canto  XII.  2  Page  129. 


APPENDIX.  289 

glimmering  of  the  evening  star.  They  heard  him  mutter 
ing  to  himself  as  they  went  along;  and  one  of  the  elder 
sisters  caught  the  words,  — 

"  Sho-iuain-ne-me-shin  nosa  —  pity  me,  my  father."  * 

"Poor  old  man,"  said  she,  "he  is  talking  to  his  father  ; 
what  a  pity  it  is  that  he  would  not  fall  and  break  his  neck, 
that  our  sister  might  have  a  handsome  young  husband." 

Presently  they  passed  a  large  hollow  log  lying  with  one 
end  toward  the  path.  The  moment  Osseo,  who  was  of 
the  turtle  totem,  came  to  it,  he  stopped  short,  uttered  a 
loud  and  peculiar  yell,  and  then  dashing  into  one  end  of 
the  log,  he  came  out  at  the  other  a  most  beautiful  young 
man;  and  springing  back  to  the  road,  he  led  off  the  party 
with  steps  as  light  as  the  reindeer.  But  on  turning  round 
to  look  for  his  wife,  behold !  she  had  been  changed  into 
an  old,  decrepit  woman,  who  was  bent  almost  double,  and 
walked  with  a  cane.  The  husband,  however,  treated  her 
very  kindly,  as  she  had  done  him  during  the  time  of  his 
enchantment,  and  constantly  addressed  her  by  the  term  of 
ne-ne-moosh-a,  or  my  sweetheart. 

When  they  came  to  the  hunter's  lodge  with  whom  they 
were  to  feast,  they  found  the  feast  ready  prepared;  and  as 
soon  as  their  entertainer  had  finished  his  harangue  (in 
which  he  told  them  his  feasting  was  in  honor  of  the  Even 
ing  or  Woman's  Star),  they  began  to  partake  of  the  por 
tion  dealt  out.  The  food  was  very  delicious;  and  they 
were  all  happy  but  Osseo,  who  looked  at  his  wife  and  then 
gazed  upward,  as  if  he  was  gazing  into  the  substance  of 
the  sky.2  Sounds  were  soon  heard,  as  if  from  far-off  voices 
in  the  air;  and  they  became  plainer  and  plainer,  till  he 
could  clearly  distinguish  some  of  the  words :  — 
1  Page  131.  2  Page  133. 


290  APPENDIX, 

"My  son  —  my  son,"  said  the  voice,  "I  have  seen 
your  afflictions,  and  pity  your  wants.  I  come  to  call  you 
away  from  a  scene  that  is  stained  with  blood  and  tears. 
The  spell  you  were  under  is  broken.  Ascend,  my  son  — 
ascend  into  the  skies,  and  partake  of  the  feast  I  have  pre 
pared  for  you  in  the  stars,  and  bring  with  you  those  you 
love. 

"  Your  bowls  and  kettles  shall  be  no  longer  wood  and 
earth.  The  one  shall  become  silver,  and  the  other  wam 
pum.  They  shall  shine  like  fire,  and  glisten  like  the  most 
beautiful  scarlet.  Every  female  shall  also  change  her  state 
and  looks,  and  no  longer  be  doomed  to  laborious  tasks. 
She  shall  put  on  the  beauty  of  the  starlight,  and  become 
a  shining  bird  of  the  air,  clothed  with  shining  feathers. 
She  shall  dance,  and  not  work — she  shall  sing,  and  not 
cry. ' ' 

The  words  were  intelligible  to  Osseo;  but  his  compan 
ions  thought  them  some  far-off  sounds  of  music,  or  birds 
singing  in  the  woods.  Very  soon  the  lodge  began  to  shake 
and  tremble,  and  they  felt  it  rising  into  the  air.  It  was 
too  late  to  run  out,  for  they  were  already  as  high  as  the 
tops  of  the  trees.  Osseo  looked  around  him  as  the  lodge 
passed  through  the  topmost  boughs,  and  behold  !  their 
wooden  dishes  were  changed  into  shells  of  a  scarlet  color,1 
the  poles  of  the  lodge  to  glittering  wires  of  silver,  and  the 
bark  that  covered  them  into  the  gorgeous  wings  of  insects. 
A  moment  more  and  his  brothers  and  sisters  and  their 
parents  and  friends  were  transformed  into  birds  of  various 
plumage.  Some  were  jays,  some  partridges  and  pigeons, 
and  others  gay  singing-birds,  who  hopped  about  display 
ing  their  glittering  feathers.  But  Oweenee  still  kept  her 
i  Page  135. 


APPENDIX.  291 

earthly  garb,  and  exhibited  all  the  indications  of  extreme 
age. 

He  again  cast  his  eyes  in  the  direction  of  the  clouds, 
and  uttered  that  peculiar  yell  which  had  given  him  the 
victory  at  the  hollow  log.  In  a  moment  the  youth  and 
beauty  of  his  wife  returned  ;  her  dingy  garments  assumed 
the  shining  appearance  of  green  silk,  and  her  cane  was 
changed  into  a  silver  feather.  The  lodge  again  shook  and 
trembled;  and  they  immediately  after  found  themselves  in 
the  Evening  Star,  the  residence  of  Osseo's  father.  .  .  . 

Osseo  lived  happy  and  contented  in  the  parental  lodge; 
and  in  due  time  his  wife  presented  him  with  a  son,  who 
grew  up  rapidly,  and  was  the  image  of  his  father.  He 
was  very  quick  and  ready  in  learning  everything  that  was 
done  in  his  grandfather's  dominions;  but  he  wished  also 
to  learn  the  art  of  hunting,  for  he  had  heard  that  this  was 
a  favorite  pursuit  below.1 

To  gratify  him,  his  father  made  him  a  bow  and  arrows; 
and  he  then  let  the  birds  out  of  the  cage,  that  he  might 
practise  in  shooting.  He  soon  became  expert,  and  the 
very  first  day  brought  down  a  bird;  but  when  he  went  to 
pick  it  up,  to  his  amazement  it  was  a  beautiful  young 
woman,  with  the  arrow  sticking  in  her  breast.  It  was  one 
of  his  younger  aunts.  The  moment  her  blood  fell  on  the 
surface  of  that  pure  and  spotless  planet,  the  spell  was  dis 
solved.  The  boy  immediately  found  himself  sinking,  but 
was  partly  upheld  by  something  like  wings,  till  he  passed 
through  the  lower  clouds,  and  he  then  suddenly  dropped 
on  a  high,  romantic  island  in  a  large  lake.  He  was  pleased, 
on  looking  up,  to  see  all  his  aunts  and  uncles  following 
him  in  the  form  of  birds;  and  he  soon  discovered  the 
1  Page  139. 


292  APPENDIX. 

silver  lodge,  with  his  father  and  mother,  descending,  with 
its  waving  barks  looking  like  so  many  insects'  gilded  wings. 
It  rested  on  the  highest  cliffs  of  the  island,  and  here  they 
fixed  their  residence.1  They  all  resumed  .their  natural 
shapes,  but  were  diminished  to  the  size  of  fairies;  and  as 
a  mark  of  homage  to  the  King  of  the  Evening  Star,  they 
never  failed,  on  every  pleasant  evening  during  the  summer 
season,  to  join  hands  and  dance  on  the  top  of  the  rocks. 
These  rocks  were  quickly  observed  by  the  Indians  to  be 
covered,  on  moonlight  evenings,  with  a  larger  sort  of  Puk.- 
wudj  In-in-ees  or  little  men,  and  were  called  Mish-in-e- 
mok-in-ok-ong,  or  turtle  spirits;  and  the  island  is  named 
from  them  Michilimackinac  to  this  day.  Their  shining 
lodge  can  be  seen  in  the  summer  evenings  when  the  moon 
shines  strongly  on  the  pinnacles  of  the  rocks,  and  the 
fishermen  who  go  near  those  high  cliffs  at  night  have  even 
heard  the  voices  of  the  happy  little  dancers. 

PAUGUK.2 

PAUGUK  is  the  personification  of  death.  He  is  repre 
sented  as  existing  without  flesh  or  blood.  He  is  a  hunter, 
and  besides  his  bow  and  arrows  is  armed  with  a  pugga- 
magon,  or  war-club.  But  he  hunts  only  men,  women,  and 
children.  He  is  an  object  of  dread  and  horror.  To  see 
him  is  a  sure  indication  of  death.  Some  accounts  repre 
sent  his  bones  as  covered  by  a  thin,  transparent  skin,  and 
his  eye-sockets  as  filled  with  balls  of  fire. 

Pauguk  never  speaks.  Unlike  the  Jeebi,  or  ghost,  his 
limbs  never  assume  the  rotundity  of  life,  neither  is  he  to 
be  confounded  in  form  with  the  numerous  class  of  minor 
1  Page  140.  2  Page  220. 


APPENDIX.  293 

Manitoes,  or  spirits.  He  does  not  possess  the  power  of 
metamorphosis.  Unvaried  in  repulsiveness,  he  is  ever  an 
object  of  fear  ;  and  often,  according  to  Indian  story,  has 
the  warrior,  flushed  with  the  ardor  of  battle,  rushing  for 
ward  to  seize  the  prize  of  victory,  clasped  the  cold  and 
bony  hand  of  Pauguk. 

CANTO  XI. 

HIAWATHA'S    WEDDING   FEAST. 

THE   SONG   OF   CHIBIABOS. 

Page  125. 

A  CORRESPONDENT  of  Littell"1  s  Living  Age  (vol.  xxv., 
1850,  p.  45 )  gives  the  Indian  serenade  and  a  literal  tran 
scription  which  Longfellow  put  into  the  mouth  of  Chi- 
biabos  :  — 

Onaiweh  !    Paikesai !   meteequen,  quonadhj  cuskanosd  musco- 

taiwenin. 

Onaiweh  !  Onaiweh  !  kepahshoshe  mocaiseheeon. 
Taupai    kaisainopemayan,  mannenatuk  azhenah  pahkesaikew 

taupai-containen  ai  won. 
Nodin  keokeneta  waikon  azhenah  menoqut  paike  saiwen  oske- 

nega  kez  heeudwaikon  azhenah  menoquten  pawwepemuk- 

kazho,  nahgoosing. 
Nekaugewahnahtahsee  neshainonen  ahehewaukie,  azhenah  mok- 

keet  chewun  kerhiz  alchew  au  washeekoseekazho  ? 
Nemeetah  nug  gamha  taupai  keeshiah  payshoo  azhenah  aske- 

noga  meteequen  weneemenin  nodin  oteihaiminkazho. 
Taupai  nescaudizhe  saugittewun,  nemeetah  muccuddahwah  az 
henah  wabbiskah  se  bewun  waupai  nahcut  endosh  wainje 

ishpenning. 
Ketiyahnin  geozhetone  menoaedum  nemeetah  sunnag  gezenin 


294  APPENDIX. 

azhenah  kezhis  geoshetone  azhenah  azauwoshsheneah 
tegowugninse  kissenah  nodin  wainjenetahhahwajink. 

Neahwena  wahhundummo  keshainon  nemeetah  pokkaumenin. 

Ah  ke  tahyahnin  nepeesh  tahyahnin  ishpenning  tahyahnina, 
kooshah  nanah  —  yehah  kaykekendun  mekunnuh  tahyah- 
nah  mokeshee  taupai  kaukesshiah  —  Onaiweh  1  Onaiweh  ! 
nenah  saugittewun. 

LITERAL   TRANSLATION    OF   THE   ABOVE. 

Awake  !  flower  of  the  forest  —  beautiful  bird  of  the  prairie. 

Awake,  awake !  thou  with  the  eyes  of  the  fawn. 

When  you  look  at  me  I  am  happy ;  like  the  flowers  when  they 
feel  the  dew. 

The  breath  of  thy  mouth  is  sweet  as  the  fragrance  of  the  flow 
ers  in  the  morning ;  —  sweet  as  their  fragrance  at  even 
ing  in  the  moon  of  the  fading  leaf. 

Does  not  the  blood  of  my  veins  spring  towards  thee,  like  the 
bubbling  springs  to  the  sun  — in  the  moon  of  the  bright 
est  nights  ? 

My  heart  sings  to  thee  when  thou  art  near ;  like  the  dancing 
branches  to  the  wind,  in  the  moon  of  strawberries. 

When  thou  art  not  pleased,  my  beloved,  my  heart  is  darkened 
like  the  shining  river  when  shadows  fall  from  the  clouds 
above. 

Thy  smiles  cause  my  troubled  heart  to  be  brightened,  as  the 
sun  makes  to  look  like  gold  the  ripple  which  the  cold 
wind  has  created. 

Myself !  behold  me !  —  blood  of  my  beating  heart. 

The  earth  smiles  —  the  waters  smile  —  the  heavens  smile,  but  I 
—  I  lose  the  way  of  smiling  when  thou  are  not  near  — 
Awake,  awake!  my  beloved. 

He  thus  remarks  :  "I  send  you  an  Indian  serenade. 
The  Indian  language,  however  hard  to  pronounce  in  Eng 
lish,  and  however  harsh  it  seems  when  we  endeavor  to 


APPENDIX.  295 

pronounce  it,  is  very  sweet  and  silvery,  or  rather  liquid  (to 
express  it  more  correctly),  when  spoken  by  an  Indian.  It 
flows  softly  and  melodiously  from  their  lips.  One  reason 
is  (I  think),  the  superior  modulation  of  voice,  so  much 
more  extended  and  graceful.  In  pronouncing  a  word  the 
voice  passes  from  one  key  to  another  as  softly  as  in  sing 
ing,  and  at  the  same  time  passes  through  a  greater  num 
ber  of  notes.  In  a  word,  there  is  less  monotony  of  tone. 
The  accompanying  song  seems  to  be  a  mixture  of  the  Ot 
tawa  and  Ojibway  (or  Chippewa),  which  are  dialects  of 
the  same  language,  and  differ  but  slightly.  What  is  very 
singular,  the  Indians  find  it  difficult  to  pronounce  the  soft 
sound  of  our  /,  and  have  it  not  in  their  language.  The  r 
they  cannot  pronounce — their  tongues  seem  formed  to 
prevent  it.  Their  language  is  capable  {I think)  of  being 
formed  into  a  grammar,  though  it  has  never  been  done. 
So  far  as  I  have  examined  it,  it  accords  with  certain  fixed 
principles.  There  are  certain  words  and  expressions,  used 
by  one  or  the  other  sex,  not  used  in  common.  For  in 
stance,  their  expression  of  surprise  or  astonishment  is  the 
same  in  Indian  that  it  sometimes  is  in  English  ;  viz.,  'O 
my ! '  used  by  both  man  and  woman  ;  but  the  man  says, 
'T'ya,'  while  the  woman  says,  «  N'ya,'  —  one  signify 
ing  the  male,  the  other  the  female.  For  a  man  to  use  the 
'  N'ya  '  is  considered  extremely  effeminate,  while  it  is  the 
height  of  presumption  in  the  woman  to  say  'T'ya.'  " 

ODJIBWA   SONG.1 

IN  1759  a  Chippewa  girl,  named  Paig-wain-e-oshe-e,  or 
White  Eagle,  met  at  the  Lake  of  Two  Mountains  a  young 
1  Page  1^2. 


296  APPENDIX. 

Algonquin  belonging  to  the  French  mission.  They  fell  in 
love;  and  she  is  said  to  have  composed  the  following  song, 
the  first  stanza  of  which  in  the  original  runs  thus :  — 

la  indenaindum, 
la  indenaindum, 
Ma  Kovv  we  yah, 
Nin  denaindum  we, 
O  dishquadumee. 


Ah  me!     When  I  think  of  him,  —  when  I 
think  of  him  —  my  sweetheart,  my  Algonquin. 


As  I  embarked  to  return, 

he  put  the  white  wampum  round  my  neck- 

a  pledge  of  truth,  my  sweetheart, 

my  Algonquin. 

m. 

I  shall  go  with  you,  he  said  — 
to  your  native  country  — 
I  shall  go  with  you,  my  sweetheart, 
my  Algonquin. 

IV. 

Alas  !  I  replied  — 

my  native  country  is  far,  far  away, 

my  sweetheart,  my  Algonquin. 


When  I  looked  back  —  where  we  parted, 
he  was  still  looking  after  me, 
my  sweetheart,  my  Algonquin. 


APPENDIX.  297 


VI0 


He  was  still  standing 
on  a  fallen  tree  —  that  had  fallen 
into  the  water,  my  sweetheart, 
my  Algonquin. 


Alas!  when  I  think  of  him  — 
When  I  think  of  him  — 
It  is  when  1  think  of  him, 
my  Algonquin  1 

This  song,  evidently  inaccurately  translated,  is  found  in 
Schoolcraft's  Oneota  almost  immediately  following  the 
tale  of  Shingebis  the  Diver  (page  23).  Longfellow  puts 
it  most  gracefully  and  almost  unchanged  into  the  mouth 
of  Chibiabos  in  Canto  XII. 


14  DAY  USE 

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